Transcript KIS – Cvičenie #1

KIS – Cvičenie #5
IP konfigurácia v prostredí OS Windows
Marián Beszédeš, B506
[email protected]
Step-by-Step Networking
Procedure
• Decide on the type of network
– Coax (10base2)
– Twisted-Pair (10baseT/100baseT)
• Which brand of Network card to purchase
?
• Installation of the Network Card / Card
Driver
• Configuration ...
Windows 98 – Network
Configuration
Windows 98 – Network Configuration –
Add..., Protocol Configuration
• Add :
– Client
– Adapter
– Protocol
– Service
• Protocols
– NetBEUI
– IPX/SPX compatible
– TCP/IP
Windows XP – Network
Configuration
IPCONFIG
• This utility allows you to get the IP address information
of a Windows computer. It also allows some control
over active TCP/IP connections.
• ipconfig – infor about IP address, network mask and
gateway for all physical and virtual network adapters
• ipconfig /all – like ipconfig + DNS and WINS settings
for each adapter
DNS – Domain name servec
• Definition: The DNS translates Internet domain
and host names to IP addresses. DNS
automatically converts the names we type in our
Web browser address bar to the IP addresses of
Web servers hosting those sites.
• DNS implements a distributed database to store
this name and address information for all public
hosts on the Internet. DNS assumes IP
addresses do not change (are statically
assigned rather than dynamically assigned).
WINS - Windows Internet Naming
Service
• Definition : WINS - automated conversion of
computer names to network addresses, for
Windows networks. (NetBIOS names to IP
addresses)
• distributed client/server system (like DNS)
• primary and secondary WINS servers
– dynamically update name/address pairings as
computers join and leave the network.
• The dynamic behavior of WINS = supports
networks using DHCP.
DHCP - Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol
• Definition - DHCP allows a computer to join an
IP-based network without having a preconfigured IP address
• DHCP is a protocol that assigns unique IP
addresses to devices, then releases and renews
these addresses as devices leave and re-join
the network
• DHCP server key parameters
– range or "pool" of available IP addresses
– correct subnet masks
– gateway and name server addresses
NetBIOS - Network Basic
Input/Output System
• NETBIOS API allows applications on different computers to
communicate within a LAN (Ethernet/Token Ring networks)
• part of NetBIOS Extended User Interface – NETBEUI
• frees the application from having to understand the details of the
network - It provides services related to the session layer (error
recovery)
• NetBIOS provides three distinct services:
– Name service for name registration and resolution
• In order to start Sessions or distribute Datagrams, an application must
register its NetBIOS name using the Name service
– Session service for connection-oriented communication
• session mode lets two computers establish a connection for a
"conversation," allows larger messages to be handled, and provides error
detection and recovery
– Datagram distribution service for connectionless communication
• datagram mode mode is "connectionless" (each message is sent
independently), messages must be smaller, and the application is
responsible for error detection and recovery
IPCONFIG - /release, /renew
• ipconfig /release
– This option terminates any active TCP/IP
connections on all network adapters and
releases those IP addresses for use by other
applications
• ipconfig /renew
This option re-establishes TCP/IP connections
on all network adapters
• Both options only work on clients
configured for dynamic DHCP addressing.
IPCONFIG - /showclassid, /setclassid,
/displaydns, /flushdns, /registerdns
• /showclassid, /setclassid
– manage DHCP class identifiers
– DHCP classes can be defined by administrators on a
DHCP server to apply different network settings to
different types of clients
• /displaydns, /flushdns
–
–
–
–
access a local DNS cache that Windows maintains
/displaydns - prints the contents of the cache
/flushdns - erases the contents
/registerdns
• updates DNS settings on the Windows computer
• this option initiates communication with both the DNS server
and the DHCP server to re-register with them
PING - ICMP protocol application
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to communicate
specific information between hosts about network or
communications problems
• Ping was designed to use ICMP in a heterogenous local area
network environment to determine the round trip time and availability
of a remote host
• Ping was never intended for use in the general Internet, but it is the
most comonly used network troubleshooting tool available
ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol)
• ICMP is implemented as part of IP, but runs as if it were
a higher level protocol (it's encapsulated within IP)
• http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/internet/icmp/index.
shtml
• ICMP - RFC 792
Traceroute
Traceroute - ICMP protocol
application
• Allows the user to determine the route packets take to reach a
particular host
• Algorithm:
– Tracert works by increasing the "time to live" (TTL) value of each
successive packet sent
– When a packet passes through a host, the host decrements the TTL
value by one and forwards the packet to the next host
– When a packet with a TTL of one reaches a host, the host discards the
packet and sends an ICMP time exceeded
– Tracert, if used properly, can help you find points in your network that
are either routed incorrectly or are not existent at all
– The traceroute utility uses these returning packets to produce a list of
hosts that the packets have traversed en route to the destination
• NOTE: may not list the real hosts, it indicates that the first host
is at one hop, the second host at two hops. IP cannot guarantee
that all the packets take the same route
Tracert - Example
• Site B → Site A
– T1 - higher capacity link (1.544 Mbps)
– ISDN link - used as a backup if the T1 link fails (128 Kbps)
Tracert - Example
• near-side interfaces are used when reporting
– near-side interface = the interface of the router that is
closest to the sending host in the path
– Why is it importatnt ?
T1 is up
C:\>tracert 10.1.1.6
Tracing route to 10.1.1.6 over a maximum of 30 hops
--------------------------------------------------1
2 ms
3 ms
2 ms
10.1.2.1
2
25 ms
83 ms
88 ms
192.168.11.1
3
25 ms
79 ms
93 ms
10.1.1.6
Trace complete.
T1 was down
C:\>tracert 10.1.1.6
Tracing route to 10.1.1.6 over a maximum of 30 hops
--------------------------------------------------1
2 ms
3 ms
2 ms
10.1.2.1
2
75 ms
83 ms
88 ms
192.168.10.1
3
75 ms
79 ms
93 ms
10.1.1.6
Trace complete.
Tracert Troubleshooting
C:\>tracert 10.1.1.6
Tracing route to 22.110.0.1 over a maximum of 30 hops
----------------------------------------------------1 10.1.2.1 reports: Destination net unreachable.
Trace complete.
Notes
•Tracert doesn’t help to find ‘latency’. - pathping command
•Tracert is available only if the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol is installed as a
component in the properties of a network adapter in Network Connections. This is a
TCP/IP utility that uses ICMP, a protocol within the TCP/IP protocol suite.