Transcript 20081016_Wiltshire_BCS_Event_Presentation

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The Internet.
A (necessarily) brief
look at its
past, present and future
Lew Lawton
an enthusiastic amateur
With thanks to Prof Tony Sammes
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Lew Lawton - Background
Royal Signals 1969 -1999
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Mobile Satcom
Static Radio Relay
Mobile Telephone Exchanges
Long Range Tropospheric Scatter Systems
ISDN/VPN projects
IT/CIS
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Lew Lawton - Background
BT 1999 – 2007
Defence Fixed Telecommunications
o IP Design
o Web Hosting Service Design
o Domain Name Service Design
o VOIP Trial
o IP VTC
Service development
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“Don’t start at the beginning,…….
Start in the middle, chronology
is a great deterrent”
From “The Uncommon Reader” by
Alan Bennett
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Internet Vocabulary
On t’internet
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Multimedia Capability
oData
Text
Geo
Business
Command and Control
oAudio
 Music
 Radio
 Voice - Telephony
•Image
•Diagrams
•Photographs
•Video
•TV
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Internet - A definition
The Global information systems that..
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Is logically linked by a globally unique address
space based on IP
Is able to support communications using the
TCP/IP suite
Provides, uses or makes accessible …high
level services layered on the communications
infrastructure
Ref Federal Networking Council October 1995
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The Internet – A description
Pervasive
Ubiquitous
Cheap
Standard
Multimedia
Global Communications Infrastructure
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WWW –magic !
Click on BBC web site
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Instantly view TV programmes
Listen to the radio
Read the News
Find out what’s on
Send your comments
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Why and How ?
I P
nternet
rotocol
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History File
Internet Folklore
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Dr Larry Roberts
www.packet.cc
Requirements for ARPA
Resource Sharing
Reliability
Speed
Economy
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The ARPA Program Plan (1968) is the master
document describing a this major program.
Concepts:
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Objectives - Develop Networking and Resource
Sharing.
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Technical Need - Linking Computers
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Military Need - Resource Sharing – NB Not
Nuclear War
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Prior work - MIT-SDC experiment
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Effect on ARPA - Link 17 Computers
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Plan - Develop IMPs and start 12/69
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Cost - $3.8 M for 68-71
ARPA Program Plan No 723 dated 3 June 1968
see http://www.packet.cc/
History File
Leonard Kleinrock
“Information flows in large computer nets”
Design and Theory
TX-2 (Mass) and Q-32 (CA) connected
Paul Baran - Rand Corporation
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Secure Voice and Data for USAF
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Tech Bit - Circuit Switching
Telephone Network
ISDN
Bit Serial Connection between end points
Set up on demand
Capacity (i.e Bandwidth) pre-alloacted and
reserved for duration on the “call”
Capacity tied up
Released on Demand
Limited redundancy
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Tech Bit - Packet Switching
Internet
No connection between end points
Data is sent as individually addressed
“chunks”
Bandwidth allocated dynamically
Switches treat each chunk as an individual
entity
Failed and congested routes avoided
Store and Forward - Queuing
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Tech Bit
Circuit Switching
Pre-Allocation of
Bandwidth
End to End
Packet Switching
Dynamic
allocation of
bandwidth
Link by Link
“Depending upon the nature of the traffic, the Packet Switching
approach is 3 -100 times more efficient than
pre-allocation techniques…”
L. G. Roberts “The Evolution of Packet Switching Nov 78”
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An Embryonic Packet Switch ??
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History File
ParallelDevelopments
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Rand
MIT
NPL
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EARLY ARPANET
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2
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Stanford
Utah
First computer to computer message
UCSB
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UCLA
Key Research Themes
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Network design based on Open Architecture
Applications
71-72 NCP implemented
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ARPANET
“The ARPA network is a store and forward
message processing network which
interconnects a number of large,
multiprocessing computer systems
throughout the US.
The computer systems are linked together
for the purpose of sharing resources.”
Winnett and Sammes MIT Nov 73
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ARPANET 1971
2nd
1st
Note terminology : IMP Interface Message Processor = switch
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ARPANET
HOSTS
1971
Note the different
types of computer
IBM
DEC
GE
Burroughs
etc
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The Birth of TCP
Replacement for NCP
Four Ground rules for internetting
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Each network to stand on its own
Best Effort Communications
Black Boxes used to connect networks
No Global Control
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The Birth of TCP
Issues to be addressed
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Lost packet recovery
Host to host pipelining
Gateway functions inc fragmenting
Global Addressing
Sockets
Interfaces to different operating systems
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The emergence of IP
Early TCP implemented Virtual Circuits
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Connection Oriented
Flow control and EDC
Ideal for File transfer and remote login
Not suitable for packetised voice !!!!!!!
TCP splits into TCP and IP
UDP introduced for “Connectionless”
Comms
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Key Applications
File Transfer (FTP)
Remote Login (Telnet)
E-Mail
Packet Voice
File sharing
Disk Sharing
Worms
Key Point: Internet designed as a
general purpose communications
infrastructure
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Keeping things SIMPLE !
SMTP Email
SNMP Network Mgt
DNS
Name Space to IP Address Map
ARP
IP to Physical Address Map
Class A, B and C IP Addresses
IGP/EGP Internal and external routing
CIDR
Maximising address utilisation
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1 Jan 1983
I
Survived
the
TCP/IP
Transition
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The Universality of TCP/IP
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RFC’s
Established in 1969
Informal and Fast
Published by the IETF
Once Published ---- Never Changed
Open Access
Key role in development of Standards
5380 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6)
Mobility Management. October 2008.
(Status: PROPOSED STANDARD)
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RFC’s
Number of RFC published annually
Ref “Internetworking with TCP/IP. Douglas E Comer”
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Public Internet
JANET 1984
NSFNET 1985
NSFNET Backbone
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Excluded “purposes not in support of research
and education”
Private Sector workshops 1985
UUNET founded 1987
ARPANET wound up 1990
NSF Backbone openned up 1991
WWW!!!!
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World Wide Web
The Information Mine
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World Wide Web
Random association between objects
Any constraints would lead to failure
All Platforms including future ones
Creating Updating and Deleting should be
trivial
Intuitive
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Key Factors
Random Links
URI - URL (due to IETF)
Cern Phone Book
Line Mode Browser
Windows Browser
HTTP/HTML and their successors
Royalty Free distribution
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Key Developments
Dynamic Content
Images
Sound
Video
Applications – Access Feedback Loop
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Future
IP V6
IP VTC
Access Bandwidth
Semantic Web
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IP V6
IP V4 Address exhaustion
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2.46 Billion Down, 1.25 Billion to Go
2007 data
Security
Performance
Transition to IP V6
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Transition to IP V6
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IP VTC
Many Drivers
Fewer Disincentives
“On the internet nobody
knows you’re a dog……..”
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Access Bandwidth
Narrowband
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2.4Kbps – 9.6 Kbps
14.4 – 28.8 Kbps
56 Kbps
64 Kps via ISDN
ADSL Broadband
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256 Kbps – 8 Mbps
Fibre
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25 Mbps and above
Virgin
BT rollout
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Semantic web
Semantic
“Connected with the meaning of words
and sentences”
“Stock markets crashed”
“Share prices tumbled”
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Semantic Web
“A new form of Web content that is
meaningful to computers will unleash a
revolution of new possibilities”
Scientific American May 2001
“The Semantic Web provides a common
framework that allows data to be shared
and reused across application, enterprise,
and community boundaries.”
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/
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The bad bits…….
Everyone needs to do their bit to reduce
the risks due to …
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Spam
Viruses
Social networking
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Twas the night before start-up and all
through the net, not a packet was moving;
no bit nor octet.
The engineers rattled their cards in despair,
hoping a bad chip would blow with a flare.
The salesmen were nestled all snug in their
beds, while visions of data nets danced in
their heads.
And I with my datascope tracings and
dumps prepared for some pretty bad
bruises and lumps.
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RFC 968
“Twas the night before start up”
By Vinton Cerf …… 1985
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References
www.packet.cc
http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7496000/74
96976.stm
http://www.sciam.com
http://talispodcasts.s3.amazonaws.com/twt20080207_TimBL.html
rticle.cfm?id=the-semantic-web
http://www.rfc-editor.org
http://www.potaroo.net/ispcol/2008-09/ietf72ipv6trans.html
Internetworking with TCP/IP Douglas E Comer
Prentice Hall
http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/
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Discussion
•Thank you !!!
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