Transcript What is IP Address?

A presentation by
Binh Lam
Ming-Ching Chu
Kumiko Tominaga
Mai Ai Tu
Modules
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IP Address and Classes
IP Address Architecture
Sub-netting
New Version of IP Address
What is IP Address?
32 bits
Network ID
Host ID
- Has 4 dotted decimal notation. (000 . 00 . 000 . 00)
- Each 4 dotted decimal or octets has Eight positions as a
Binary format Ex: (00100100).
- The largest eight bits binary number is 11111111.
- Have been divided into classes: A, B, C, D, and E
- There are three main CLASSES: A, B, and C.
CLASS A
0
Network (7 bits)
Host -ID (24 bits)
- Referred as 8 bits network
- 24 bit host-ID
- The 1st bit of the 1st octet is always 0.
- Total number of networks octet is from 0 to 126
- Number of networks supported is 127
- Number of hosts supported per network 16,777,214
- For very large organizations
CLASS B
10
Network (14-bits)
Host-ID (16-bits)
- Referred as 16 bits network
- 16 bits host-ID
- The 1st two bits of the 1st octet are always 10
- Number of networks octet is 128-191
- Number of networks supported is 16000
- Number of hosts supported per network is 65534
- For medium size organizations
CLASS C
110
Network (21- bits)
Host-ID (8-bits)
- Referred as 24-bits network
- 8 bits host-id
- The 1st three bits of the 1st octet are always 110
- Number of networks octet is 192-254
- Number of networks supported is 2,097,152
- Number of hosts supported per network is 254
- For small organizations
CLASS E & CLASS D
- Class D is reserved for IP multicasting.
- First 4 higher-order bits are 1 1 1 0.
- Supports by Microsoft for multicasting.
- Class E is reserved for possible future use.
- First 4 higher-order bits are 1 1 1 1.
IP in Network Layer
• The transmission mechanism by the TCP/IP
protocols.
• Unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol
• It must be paired with a reliable protocol, such as
TCP
TCP/IP Communication
• Basic communication language or protocol of the
Internet, Intranet, and extranet
• Direct access to the Internet—a copy of the
TCP/IP program
• Uses the Client/Server model of communication
• Point-to-point
TCP/IP and the Internet
• A single network connecting many computers of
any size and type
• A host—a computer
• All interconnected physical networks—one huge
network
• All the hosts to be connected to this larger
logical network
IP Address in Network and
Local
• Brief introduction of IP address in TCP/IP
• The network part of the IP address
---Internet network address or number
---Network Information Center(NIC)
• The local or host part of the IP address
---unique network number and a host number
---identify a subnetwork or subnet address
Two Method for IP Addressing
• Dynamic addressing
– IP address is obtained automatically by DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
• Static Addressing
– IP address is manually configured by a
network administrator
Subnet
• Networks can be subdivided into subnets.
• Subnetting allows to take one large network and
break it into many smaller networks.
• Subnetting appears as one network to the
outsides.
• Subnets are assigned by network administrators.
Reasons for Subnetting
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Reduce network traffic
Optimize network performance
Simplify management
Facilitate spanning of large geographical
distances
Subnet Divisions
• All three divisions are subnets of
131. 108. 0. 0.
131. 108. 3. 0
Router
131. 108. 1. 0
131. 108. 2. 0
How to Create Subnet
• Subnets are created by borrowing bits from host
portion of the IP address to be used as network
bits.
• Two factors determine the number of host bits
borrowed
– Maximum number of subnets needed.
– Maximum number of hosts per subnet needed.
Subnet Rules
• Subnet bits are borrowed from host bits.
• Any numbers of bits can be borrowed with 2 bits
remaining in the host field.
– For class A, B, C, maximum of 22 bits, 14 bits, and 6
bits can be borrowed respectively from the host
fields.
• In the IP address, all host fields of 1’s for
broadcast.
How to Identify Subnet from
IP Address
• Use the subnet mask to AND with the IP
address.
• Subnet mask is used to tell which part of the IP
Address is the network number, the subnet
number and the host number.
• Subnet mask has all 1’s in the network and
subnet portions and all 0’s in the host portions.
Example:
• Subnet Mask 255. 255. 255. 0
11111111. 11111111. 11111111.00000000
Class C
• Subnet Mask 255. 255. 255. 224
11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 11100000
Class C with 3 bits borrowed from host field
for subnet.
IP Address next Generation
• Also know as IPv6 and design by IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force)
• 128 bits
• Design as an evolutionary set of improvements
to the current IP Address.
Key features in IPv6
– Larger IP address space
– Deploy more recent technologies
• Autoconfiguration
• Security
• Friendly to traffic engineering
technologies
• Multicast
• Better support for ad-hoc networking
Continues
–A cure to routing table growth
–Simplified header structures
–Smooth transition from IPv4
–Follows the key design principles of
IPv4
Advantages of IPv6
• Rule for 3 types of addressing
– Unicast (one host to one other host)
– Anycast (one host to the nearest of multiple
hosts)
– Multicast (one host to multiple hosts)
• Speed network performance
• Anycast messages can be used to update
routing tables along the line.
Continues
• Packets can be identified as belonging to a
particular “flow” so that packets that are part of a
multimedia presentation that needs to arrive in
“real time” can be provided a higher quality-ofservice relative to other customers.
• Include extensions that allow a packet to specify
a mechanism for authenticating its origin, for
ensuring data integrity, and for ensuring privacy.
The End
Thank You
And Good Luck On Your Finals