Transcript oracleoct03 - Digital Science Center

e-Business e-Science
and the Grid
Geoffrey Fox
Professor of Computer Science, Informatics, Physics
Pervasive Technology Laboratories
Indiana University Bloomington IN 47401
Chief Technologist for Anabas Corporation
[email protected]
http://www.infomall.org
http://www.grid2002.org
Grid Computing: Making The Global
Infrastructure a Reality
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Based on work done in
preparing book edited
with
Fran Berman and
Anthony J.G. Hey,
ISBN: 0-470-85319-0
Hardcover 1080 Pages
Published March 2003
http://www.grid2002.org
e-Business e-Science and the Grid
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e-Business captures an emerging view of corporations as
dynamic virtual organizations linking employees, customers
and stakeholders across the world.
• The growing use of outsourcing is one example
e-Science is the similar vision for scientific research with
international participation in large accelerators, satellites or
distributed gene analyses.
The Grid integrates the best of the Web, traditional
enterprise software, high performance computing and Peerto-peer systems to provide the information technology
infrastructure for e-moreorlessanything.
A deluge of data of unprecedented and inevitable size must
be managed and understood.
People, computers, data and instruments must be linked.
On demand assignment of experts, computers, networks and
storage resources must be supported
So what is a Grid?
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Supporting human decision making with a network of at least
four large computers, perhaps six or eight small computers,
and a great assortment of disc files and magnetic tape units not to mention remote consoles and teletype stations - all
churning away. (Licklider 1960)
Coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in
dynamic multi-institutional virtual organizations
Infrastructure that will provide us with the ability to
dynamically link together resources as an ensemble to support
the execution of large-scale, resource-intensive, and
distributed applications.
Realizing thirty year dream of science fiction writers that
have spun yarns featuring worldwide networks of
interconnected computers that behave as a single entity.
e-Science
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e-Science is about global collaboration in key areas of
science, and the next generation of infrastructure that
will enable it. This is a major UK Program
e-Science reflects growing importance of international
laboratories, satellites and sensors and their integrated
analysis by distributed teams
CyberInfrastructure is the analogous US initiative
Grid Technology
supports e-Science
and
DATA
ACQUISITION
CyberInfrastructure
ADVANCED
VISUALIZATION
,ANALYSIS
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
IMAGING INSTRUMENTS
COMPUTATIONAL
RESOURCES
LARGE-SCALE DATABASES
Global Terabit Research Network
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The Grid software and resources run on top of high
performance global networks
Resources-on-demand
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Computing-on-demand uses dynamically assigned
(shared) pool of resources to support excess demand in
flexible cost-effective fashion
Program A
Computer
1
Program Z
Computer
26
Static Assignment with redundancy
Program Z
Computer
52
Program A
Computer 27
Spares
Program A
Pool
Computer
1
Program Z
Pool
Computer N
<52
Dynamic on-demand Assignment
e-Business and (Virtual) Organizations
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Enterprise Grid supports information system for an
organization; includes “university computer center”, “(digital)
library”, sales, marketing, manufacturing …
Outsourcing Grid links different parts of an enterprise together
(Gridsourcing)
• Manufacturing plants with designers
• Animators with electronic game or film designers and
producers
• Coaches with aspiring players (e-NCAA or e-NFL etc.)
Customer Grid links businesses and their customers as in many
web sites such as amazon.com
e-Multimedia can use secure peer-to-peer Grids to link creators,
distributors and consumers of digital music, games and films
respecting rights
Distance education Grid links teacher at one place, students all
over the place, mentors and graders; shared curriculum,
homework, live classes …
e-Defense and e-Crisis
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Grids support Command and Control and provide
Global Situational Awareness
• Link commanders and frontline troops to themselves and to
archival and real-time data; link to what-if simulations
• Dynamic heterogeneous wired and wireless networks
• Security and fault tolerance essential
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System of Systems; Grid of Grids
• The command and information infrastructure of each ship is
a Grid; each fleet is linked together by a Grid; the President
is informed by and informs the national defense Grid
• Grids must be heterogeneous and federated
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Crisis Management and Response enabled by a Grid
linking sensors, disaster managers, and first responders
with decision support
Some Important Classes of Grids
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Computational Grids were origin of concepts and link computers
across the globe – high latency stops this from being used as
parallel machine
Knowledge and Information Grids link sensors and information
repositories as in Virtual Observatories or BioInformatics
• More detail on next slide
Education Grids link teachers, learners, parents as a VO with
learning tools, distant lectures etc.
e-Science Grids link multidisciplinary researchers across
laboratories and universities
Community Grids focus on Grids involving large numbers of
peers rather than focusing on linking major resources – links
Grid and Peer-to-peer network concepts
Semantic Grid links Grid, and AI community with Semantic web
(ontology/meta-data enriched resources) and Agent concepts
Information/Knowledge Grids
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Distributed (10’s to 1000’s) of data sources (instruments,
file systems, curated databases …)
Data Deluge: 1 (now) to 100’s petabytes/year (2012)
• Moore’s law for Sensors
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Possible filters assigned dynamically (on-demand)
• Run image processing algorithm on telescope image
• Run Gene sequencing algorithm on compiled data
Needs decision support front end with “what-if”
simulations
Metadata (provenance)
critical to annotate data
Integrate across experiments
as in multi-wavelength
astronomy
Data Deluge comes from pixels/year available
2.4 Petabytes Today
SERVOGrid – Solid Earth Research Virtual
Observatory will link Australia, Japan, USA ……
Repositories
Federated Databases
Database
Sensor Nets
Streaming Data
Database
Analysis and
Visualization
Loosely Coupled
Filters
Closely Coupled Compute Nodes
DAME
In flight data
~5000 engines
~ Gigabyte per aircraft per
Engine per transatlantic flight
Airline
Global Network
Such as SITA
Ground
Station
Engine Health (Data) Center
Maintenance Centre
Internet, e-mail, pager
Rolls Royce and UK e-Science Program
Distributed Aircraft Maintenance Environment
NASA Aerospace Engineering Grid
Wing Models
•Lift Capabilities
•Drag Capabilities
•Responsiveness
Airframe Models
Stabilizer Models
•Deflection capabilities
•Responsiveness
Crew
Capabilities
- accuracy
- perception
- stamina
- re-action
times
- SOP’s
Human Models
Engine Models
•Braking performance
•Steering capabilities
•Traction
•Dampening capabilities
Landing Gear Models
•Thrust performance
•Reverse Thrust performance
•Responsiveness
•Fuel Consumption
simulations
are produced
by coupling
ItWhole
takes asystem
distributed
virtual organization
to design,
simulate
andall
build
a complex
system simulations
like an aircraft
of the
sub-system
Virtual Observatory Astronomy Grid
Integrate Experiments
Radio
Far-Infrared
Visible
Dust Map
Visible + X-ray
Galaxy Density Map
e-Chemistry Laboratory
Experiments-on-demand
Grid-enabled Output Streams
Simulation
Video
Diffractometer
Properties
Analysis
Structures
Database
GridGlobus
Resources
X-Ray
e-Lab
Properties
e-Lab
Fig. 23: A Combinatorial Chemistry Grid (Chapter 42)
CERN LHC Data Analysis Grid
Typical Grid Architecture
Portal
Services
System
Services
User
Services
System
Services
Application
Service
Middleware
System
Services
System
Services
System
Services
“Core”
Grid
Raw (HPC)
Resources
Database
SERVOGrid Requirements
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Seamless Access to Data repositories and large scale
computers
Integration of multiple data sources including sensors,
databases, file systems with analysis system
• Including filtered OGSA-DAI (Grid database access)
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Rich meta-data generation and access with
SERVOGrid specific Schema extending openGIS
(Geography as a Web service) standards and using
Semantic Grid
Portals with component model for user interfaces and
web control of all capabilities
Collaboration to support world-wide work
Basic Grid tools: workflow and notification
Sources of Grid Technology
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Grids support distributed collaboratories or virtual
organizations integrating concepts from
The Web
Agents
Distributed Objects (CORBA Java/Jini COM)
Globus, Legion, Condor, NetSolve, Ninf and other High
Performance Computing activities
Peer-to-peer Networks
With perhaps the Web and P2P networks being the most
important for “Information Grids” and Globus for
“Compute Grids”
The Essence of Grid Technology?
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We will start from the Web view and assert that basic
paradigm is
Meta-data rich Web Services communicating via
messages
These have some basic support from some runtime
such as .NET, Jini (pure Java), Apache Tomcat+Axis
(Web Service toolkit), Enterprise JavaBeans,
WebSphere (IBM) or GT3 (Globus Toolkit 3)
• These are the distributed equivalent of operating system
functions as in UNIX Shell
• Called Hosting Environment or platform
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W3C standard WSDL defines IDL (Interface
standard) for Web Services
A typical Web Service
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In principle, services can be in any language (Fortran .. Java ..
Perl .. Python) and the interfaces can be method calls, Java RMI
Messages, CGI Web invocations, totally compiled away (inlining)
The simplest implementations involve XML messages (SOAP) and
programs written in net friendly languages like Java and Python
Web Services
WSDL interfaces
Portal
Service
Security
WSDL interfaces
Web Services
Payment
Credit Card
Catalog
Warehouse
Shipping
control
Services and Distributed Objects
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A web service is a computer program running on either the local
or remote machine with a set of well defined interfaces (ports)
specified in XML (WSDL)
Web Services (WS) have many similarities with Distributed
Object (DO) technology but there are some (important) technical
and religious points (not easy to distinguish)
• CORBA Java COM are typical DO technologies
• Agents are typically SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)
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Both involve distributed entities but Web Services are more
loosely coupled
• WS interact with messages; DO with RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
• DO have “factories”; WS manage instances internally and interactionspecific state not exposed and hence need not be managed
• DO have explicit state (statefull services); WS use context in the messages to
link interactions (statefull interactions)
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Claim: DO’s do NOT scale; WS build on experience (with
CORBA) and do scale
Details of Web Service Protocol Stack
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UDDI finds where programs are
• remote (distributed) programs are
just Web Services
• (not a great success)
WSFL links programs together
(under revision as BPEL4WS)
WSDL defines interface (methods,
parameters, data formats)
SOAP defines structure of message
including serialization of information
HTTP is negotiation/transport protocol
TCP/IP is layers 3-4 of OSI
Physical Network is layer 1 of OSI
UDDI or WSIL
WSFL
WSDL
SOAP or RMI
HTTP or SMTP
or IIOP or RMTP
TCP/IP
Physical Network
Education as a Web Service
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“Learning Object” XML standards already exist
Web Services for virtual university include:
Registration
Performance (grading)
Authoring of Curriculum
Online laboratories for real and virtual instruments
Homework submission
Quizzes of various types (multiple choice, random parameters)
Assessment data access and analysis
Synchronous Delivery of Curricula including Audio/Video
Conferencing and other synchronous collaborative tools as Web
Services
Scheduling of courses and mentoring sessions
Asynchronous access, data-mining and knowledge discovery
Learning Plan agents to guide students and teachers
Classic Grid Architecture
Resources
Database
Database
Composition
Content Access
Netsolve
Security
Collaboration
Middle Tier
Brokers
Service Providers
Computing
Middle Tier becomes Web Services
Clients
Users and Devices
Some Observations
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“Traditional “ Grids manage and share asynchronous resources
in a rather centralized fashion
Peer-to-peer networks are “just like” Grids with different
implementations of message-based services like registration and
look-up
Collaboration systems like WebEx/Placeware (Application
sharing) or Polycom (audio/video conferencing) can be viewed as
Grids
Computers are fast and getting faster. One can afford many
strategies that used to be unrealistic including rich usually XML
based messaging
Web Services interact with messages
• Everything (including applications like PowerPoint) will be a
Web Service?
• Grids, P2P Networks, Collaborative Environments are (will
be) managed message-linked Web Services
Peers
Database
Database
Service Facing
Web Service Interfaces
Event/
Message
Brokers
Event/
Message
Brokers
Event/
Message
Brokers
Peer to Peer Grid
Peers
User Facing
Web Service Interfaces
A democratic organization
Peer to Peer Grid
System and Application Services?
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There are generic Grid system services: security, collaboration,
persistent storage, universal access
• OGSA (Open Grid Service Architecture) is implementing these
as extended Web Services
An Application Web Service is a capability used either by another
service or by a user
• It has input and output ports – data is from sensors or other
services
Consider Satellite-based Sensor Operations as a Web Service
• Satellite management (with a web front end)
• Each tracking station is a service
• Image Processing is a pipeline of filters – which can be grouped
into different services
• Data storage is an important system service
• Big services built hierarchically from “basic” services
Portals are the user (web browser) interfaces to Web services
Satellite Science Grid Environment
Filter1
WS
Filter2
WS
Filter3
WS
Prog1
WS
Prog2
WS
Build as multiple
interdisciplinary
Programs
Build as multiple Filter Web Services
Sensor Data
as a Web
service (WS)
Simulation WS
Data
Analysis WS
Sensor
Management
WS
Visualization WS
What is Happening?
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Grid ideas are being developed in (at least) two
communities
• Web Service – W3C, OASIS
• Grid Forum (High Performance Computing, e-Science)
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Service Standards are being debated
Grid Operational Infrastructure is being deployed
Grid Architecture and core software being developed
Particular System Services are being developed
“centrally” – OGSA framework for this in
Lots of fields are setting domain specific standards and
building domain specific services
There is a lot of hype
Grids are viewed differently in different areas
• Largely “computing-on-demand” in industry (IBM, Oracle,
HP, Sun)
• Largely distributed collaboratories in academia
OGSA OGSI & Hosting Environments
• Start with Web Services in a hosting environment
• Add OGSI to get a Grid service and a component model
• Add OGSA to get Interoperable Grid “correcting” differences in base
platform and adding key functionalities
Not OGSA
Domain -specific services
Possibly OGSA
More specialized services: data
replication, workflow, etc., etc.
OGSA
Environment
Broadly applicable services: registry,
authorization, monitoring, data
access, etc., etc.
OGSI on Web Services
Given to us from on high
Hosting Environment for WS
Network
Technical Activities of Note
• Look at different styles of Grids such as Autonomic
(Robust Reliable Resilient)
• New Grid architectures hard due to investment
required
• Critical Services Such as
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Security – build message based not connection based
Notification – event services
Metadata – Use Semantic Web, provenance
Databases and repositories – instruments, sensors
Computing – Submit job, scheduling, distributed file
systems
– Visualization, Computational Steering
– Fabric and Service Management
– Network performance
Issues and Types of Grid Services
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1) Types of Grid
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R3
–
Lightweight
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P2P
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Federation and Interoperability
2) Core Infrastructure and Hosting
Environment
–
Service Management
–
Component Model
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Service wrapper/Invocation
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Messaging
3) Security Services
–
Certificate Authority
–
Authentication
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Authorization
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Policy
4) Workflow Services and Programming
Model
–
Enactment Engines (Runtime)
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Languages and Programming
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Compiler
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Composition/Development
5) Notification Services
6) Metadata and Information Services
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Basic including Registry
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Semantically rich Services and meta-data
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Information Aggregation (events)
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Provenance
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7) Information Grid Services
– OGSA-DAI/DAIT
– Integration with compute resources
– P2P and database models
8) Compute/File Grid Services
– Job Submission
– Job Planning Scheduling Management
– Access to Remote Files, Storage and
Computers
– Replica (cache) Management
– Virtual Data
– Parallel Computing
9) Other services including
– Grid Shell
– Accounting
– Fabric Management
– Visualization Data-mining and
Computational Steering
– Collaboration
10) Portals and Problem Solving
Environments
11) Network Services
– Performance
– Reservation
– Operations
Remote Grid Service
10: Job
Status
Remote Grid Service
1: Job Management Service
(Grid Service Interface to user or program client)
1: Plan Execution
4: Job Submittal
2: Schedule and control Execution
3: Access to Remote Computers
Data
7: Cache
Data
Replicas
9: Grid MPI
5: Data Transfer
6: File and
Storage
Access
8: Virtual
Data
Data
Technology Components of (Services in)
a Computing Grid
Conclusions
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Grids are inevitable and pervasive
Can expect Web Services and Grids to merge with a
common set of general principles but different
implementations with different scaling and
functionality trade-offs
Enough is known that one can start today
We will be flooded with data, information and
purported knowledge
One should be preparing Grid strategies;
understanding relevant Web and Grid standards and
developing new domain specific standards
Note many existing (standards) efforts assume clientserver and not a brokered service model; these will
need to change!
Grid Computing: Making The Global
Infrastructure a Reality





Fran Berman,
Anthony J.G. Hey,
Geoffrey Fox
ISBN: 0-470-85319-0
Hardcover 1080 Pages
Published March 2003
http://www.grid2002.org