Transcript Application ideas for optical networks, 2007

Dynamic CDN application for
GMPLS networks
Malathi Veeraraghavan, Tao Li and Mark McGinley
University of Virginia
[email protected]
Nov. 1, 2007

Outline


Three key points
CDN and GMPLS networks


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

Overview of today's CDN service
Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN
What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application?
Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN
Automatic private line rate increase application
1
Key point 1
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Current usage of PDH/SONET circuits and
Ethernet virtual connections (E-Line):
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router-to-router
switch-to-switch (ATM or Ethernet)
PBX-to-PBX
New market: Server-to-server circuits
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Cluster-to-cluster
Or, single server-to-server
2
Key points
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Conventional thinking:
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High-speed links needed for
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Aggregated traffic
New thought:
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High-speed links needed for
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Single (large) file transfer
Dynamically increase the rate of the
bottleneck link to decrease file-transfer delay
in lightly (or heavily) loaded environments
3
File transfer delay
r1

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r3
r4
r5
File transfer delay is determined by


r2
bottleneck link rate, r = min(r1, r2, r3, r4, r5)
packet loss rate on end-to-end path, Ploss
round-trip time (RTT)
On lightly loaded paths, RTT and Ploss do not
matter for large files
Only bottleneck link rate, r, matters
4
TCP/IP file-transfer delays

In heavily loaded paths, e.g., if
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
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Ploss = 1%
RTT = 50ms
effective transfer rate  1.8Mbps
if r is more than this value, it does not determine
effective rate. Ploss and RTT are main factors.
if increasing r causes Ploss to decrease, effective
rate can be improved.
Metro area, e.g.
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RTT = 1ms, Ploss = 1%
effective transfer rate  75Mbps
5
Key point 3: Growth rate for PL
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Projections for Private Line (PL) market by
Insight reports
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Total market (2007): $39,870million
Total market (2012): $48,070million
CAGR 07-12: 3.81%
Private line vs. dynamic circuit services
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Private line too expensive for server-to-server
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No aggregation driver for high bandwidth
Hence need dynamic circuit services
6
Outline


Key points
Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks





Overview of today's CDN service
Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN
What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application?
Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN
Automatic private line rate increase application
7
Content Delivery Network
(CDN) concept

CDN emerged in 1998
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Aimed at solving the “flash crowd” problem
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Problem: Sudden surge of web traffic to a
particular web site overwhelms the web server
Causes:


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major events, e.g., CNN on 9/11
“cold” sites can become “hot”, e.g., slashdot effect
slashdot is "News for nerds"
if a company is featured on slashdot.org, that
company's web site becomes "hot"
CDN servers maintain replicas and serve client
requests from closest CDN server
8
CDN concept – cont’d
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Type of traffic delivered through CDNs
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Early 1999: static web objects such as
documents and images
Now (2007):
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Static web objects as well as dynamic content
Live and on-demand video streaming
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Not just Youtube type of low-resolution video at around
300kbps
High Definition (HD) streaming at 5Mbps+ started to
appear recently, e.g., www.thehdweb.com
Software downloads
Gaming
9
CDN providers
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Major CDN providers: Akamai, Limelight
Others: MirrorImage and Inktomi
CDN servers placed in PoPs
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Akamai:
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25,000+ servers; 1200 PoPs;
900+ Networks; 650+ Cities; 69 Counties;
Daily traffic: 170+ billion hits, 100+ million streams,
3000+ terabytes delivered
LimeLight: 72 PoPs around the world
10
Video, a big driver!
Volume of traffic delivered by CDNs
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Youtube, carried by CDN provider LimeLight, alone accounts
for ~10% of Internet traffic or ~20% of all HTTP traffic
according to an Ellacoya’s report published in June/07
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Traffic data: HTTP (46%) overtook P2P (37%)
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Likely due to service providers limiting P2P
Other traffic: Newsgroups (9%); non-HTTP video
streaming: 3%; Gaming: 2%; VoIP: 1%
Within HTTP traffic: traditional web page (text&image) 45%;
Video streaming: 36%; audio streaming: 5%
Conclusion: A significant portion of traffic already carried
by CDNs
11
CDN pricing
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CDN’s pricing structure
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Typically based on a monthly commitment
Commitment and corresponding $xx/GB/month
(www.cdnpricing.com , Aug. 2007) :
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1Tera Byte (TB): High, $2.00/GB/month, Low $1.50/GB/month
10TB: High, $1.20/GB/month, Low $0.89/GB/month
100TB: High, $0.24/GB/month, Low, $0.15/GB/month
Above 100TB: It's all over the map. Could be as low as $0.12
Implication: CDN expensive for small-to-moderate
enterprises
12
CDN pricing – cont’d
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But the trend shows dropping CDN costs
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Competition fierce
Contract length
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Used to be one year or half year; now month-by-month
New player: Level3
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Willing to provide CDN service at transit cost (cost of high speed
Internet access)
According to Level3: CDN services have historically been offered at a 20
to 30 percent premium to transit. "We have a unique advantage in this
market space, and we intend to take that advantage."
CDNs to be absorbed by large ISPs eventually?
13
CDN’s major components
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Origin server: Publish authoritative content
Surrogate/replica servers
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Content distribution subsystem
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Hold replica; offload requests from origin server
Push content to replica servers a priori
Or, pull content to replica servers on-demand
Request routing subsystem
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Direct request to “nearby” surrogate server
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Common techniques: DNS redirection and HTTP redirection
Accounting subsystem
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Monitoring status of service, server and network
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Help request routing; Collect statistics for billing
14
How it works
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Clients fetch content from nearby server
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Load on origin server reduced
Download speed and reliability improved
Asia
Replica
server
Origin
server at US
CDN
Europe
Replica
server
Replica
server
Replica
server
Client A
Client B
Client C
15
Request routing: DNS
redirection example
DNS server
for cbs.com
Replica server
Akamai DNS
server hierarchy
2
3
4
5
7
Local DNS
server
6
1
1. Get http://www.cbs.com
2. Local DNS sends a query
3. www.cbs.com CNAME
www.cbs.com.edgesuite.net
4. Query edgesuite.net
5. Eventually returns an IP for
a916.g.akamai.net:
72.246.31.8; TTL: 20s
6. Return replica’s IP to client
7. Get content from the
selected server
8. Replica server replies
8
72.246.31.8
Client at UVA
C:\>Ping www.cbs.com
Pinging a916.g.akamai.net [72.246.31.8] with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 72.246.31.8: bytes=32 time=5ms TTL=58
16
HTML page modification +
HTTP redirection example
Tanenbaum claims Akamai uses this model
Step 5: does not have to be "after click," e.g., for images
17
Courtesy: Tanenbaum's Fourth Edition slides from Prentice Hall
Content Delivery Networks
(a) Original Web page.
(b) Same page after transformation.
Courtesy: Tanenbaum's Fourth Edition slides from Prentice Hall
18
DNS redirection
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DNS redirection: the DNS server serving the origin
server needs to be modified to provide the IP address of
an appropriate CDN server based on the client location
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Replica server should ideally have the first page to minimize
delay (should have been "pushed"a priori)
For subsequent pages, replica server can "pull" page from
origin server
For popular pages, "pull" approach works
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one "pull" helps reduce delay for subsequent users
For rarely accessed pages, no load-balancing nor clientexperienced delay benefits are gained when pages are pulled
from origin server only when client requests arrive
19
HTTP redirection
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HTTP supports a Location header, which can be
included in the response with the URL of the
CDN server to which the http request is
redirected
With HTML page modification:
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CDN server typically stores image files that do not
change as often.
These files are likely pushed a priori
20
Cost of using CDN
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Bandwidth cost
Variation of traffic distribution
Size of content replicated over surrogate
servers
Number of surrogate servers
Reliability and stability of surrogate
servers
21
Outline check


Three key points
Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks





Overview of today's CDN service
Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN
What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application?
Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN
Automatic private line rate increase application
22
"Dynamic CDN" concept


With pricing in the $1500-2000/month range, is it
likely that there are small-to-moderate sized
enterprises unable to afford CDN service?
Can the Google business mode of aggregating
revenues from small advertisers be used to develop a
"dynamic" CDN solution


"pay only when people click on your ad" approach
similarly, "pay for CDN service only when it is used"
23
Need for "Dynamic" CDN
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When would enterprises need to dynamically
"recruit" one or more CDN servers?
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Small- & moderate-sized enterprises
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Sudden surge: Recruit CDN servers located at a few
PoPs when a sudden surge of traffic is seen at their web
servers (e.g., slashdot phenomenon)
Large-, moderate- and small-sized enterprises
 For large enterprises that may have a CDN
service contract:

When a distant (remote) client starts a session
from a location where web pages or image files had
not been pushed a priori
24
"Dynamic" CDN: Example 1
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Connecting to hilton.com from a small
village in Western Ireland
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Service was slow on a broadband access link
(slower than on my broadband link here in VA)
A quick (not thorough) analysis made me think
it could be the long-distance server hits to a
far-away (perhaps loaded) server that was
causing this slow response
Hurts business when user leaves without
purchase!
25
"Dynamic" CDN: Example 2
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Connecting to a major university (IIT) web site in India
from UVA
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Very slow service
Could have been the access link at IIT
Could have been some intermediate link
But it also could have been server speed
Possible solution
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If a CDN mirror was recruited at UVA dynamically and a few
"popular" web pages from IIT's web site were downloaded
during my think time, I would at least have seen faster
service for subsequent hits on the same server
26
Globalization and "Long Tail"
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Globalization:
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A web server could potentially be accessed
from a web client anywhere
Makes it hard to push data a priori to the
"right" set of CDN mirrors.
If pull-based, some prefetching of subsequent
pages should occur to improve user's perceived
response time
27
"The Long Tail" by Chris Anderson
(2006)
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ECAST: Digital jukebox
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Apple's iTunes
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95% of its 25K DVDs (2004-2005) rented at least once a quarter
Amazon
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Even the 100,000th track downloads/month was in the 1000s
Netflix
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Every one of the 1 million tracks (2004-2005) in iTunes sold at least
once
Rhapsody: Online music store
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What % of the 10K albums available on the jukebox sold at least 1
track per quarter? Answer: 98%
98% of top 100K books sold at least once a quarter
Conclusion: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less
of More
28
Has this affected the 80-20
rule?

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Yes!
Rhapsody
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25,000th - 100,000th ranked tracks downloaded on
average 250 times/month for a total of 22 million
downloads/month, resulting in 25% of business
100,000th - 800,000th tracks had total of 16M
downloads/month for 15% of the business
Each track is downloaded few times, but there are so
many of these non-popular songs that the aggregate is
large
PRX, which sells PBX programming: bottom 80%
of products provide 50% sales
29
Implication to CDN


"Dynamic" CDN: Long-tail aggregator of
CDN service
Provide low-cost, pay-as-you-use CDN
service to small- and moderate-sized
enterprises and individuals
30
Push vs. pull in current CDN

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Literature unclear on whether data is pushed to
replica servers or pulled only when a client
request comes through
Push:
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Disadvantage for small enterprises - Long tail ignored
Pull:
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Value only for "hits" not niches
If bulk of accesses are "niches" then just an extra
server involved - more delay and no load-balancing
advantage for web server
Again, Long tail ignored
31
Dynamic CDN (DCDN) design
 Two

proposed methods
DNS redirection
 requires
"DNS contract"
 Example: IIT should give its domain
name to CDN server for management

HTML page modification + HTTP
redirection
32
Dynamic CDN using DNS
redirection = Pull + prefetching
4. Pull first page + prefetch
Replica
server
1. through DNS hierarchy
DNS
(IIT)
3. Get page
Web Client
VA
2. IP address of replica
returned
IIT’s Web
Server (Origin)
India
DNS lookup should be iterative (not recursive) to avoid intermediate
DNS servers caching data mapping www.iit.edu.in to
33
VA replica's IP address
Dynamic CDN using DNS
redirection

Drawbacks

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Need "DNS contract"
Delay in serving first page while data is being
pulled to replica server



Compared to “normal” CDN where data is likely
already on the replica (if pushed)
After first page, client is well served
Need high-speed transfer between replica and
backup servers to minimize delay

where GMPLS comes in handy
34
Alternative Dynamic CDN (DCDN)
design: no prior contract required

Assumes a backup server to allow for web-page push so
that it does not interfere with pulls from origin server
(useful for suddenly "hot" servers)
Replica
server
6. Pushes all-or-popular
pages
1. through DNS hierarchy
6. subsequent GET
DNS
5a. for
replica
server
Web Client
VA
2. IP address of origin
returned
3. Get URL
4. First page
(html modified based on client
address with selected replica
server URL)
Backup
Server
5. Triggers
push
DNS
(IIT)
IIT’s Web
Server (origin)
India
35
Dynamic version of html page
modification + http redirection
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HTTP redirection
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First page’s text received directly from origin
server
Origin server changes links in first page to
refer to replica server
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Links to images, other pages, refer to closest
replica server
Need high-speed transfer between replica
servers and backup servers to minimize delay
on first page’s embedded objects, and
subsequent pages
36
Which files to push?
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Look at page ranks
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An apache web server records all requests in
access log files
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Log entry example: 209.124.183.78 - - [14/Oct/2007:12:05:21 0400] "GET /test_100M HTTP/1.0" 200 104857600 "-"
"Wget/1.10.2 (Red Hat modified)”
Tools available to collect statistics from log files
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e.g., AWstats reports top 10 URLs
37
Example of software needed on a
"recruitable" replica server

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ibiblio.org web site states that all these software modules are required
to run the ibibio.org web site (Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)
http://www.ibiblio.org/systems/infrastructure.html

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Apache, Squid, ProFTPD
MySQL, PostgreSQL
Mailman, Icecast, Tomcat
PHP, Perl
OpenSSL, mod_SSL
LVS (Linux Virtual Server)
keepalived
Nagios, Cricket
38
Outline check


Three key points
Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks





Overview of today's CDN service
Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN
What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application?
Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN
Automatic private line rate increase application
39
Insight report on Private line
(2006-2012)

Insight research predicts
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By 2012, video traffic will be 16.6Tb/s while data will be
only 3Tb/s
In 2007, video is 3.3Tb/s and data 3.0 Tb/s
It notes that ASPs that provide CDN service optimized
for distribution of video content will need to lease
private lines
It predicts video will have a "dramatic effect" on
private line market.
Conclusion: expectation is that private lines will
be needed between CDN servers from which
video is streamed locally?

if so, prime target for dynamic GMPLS circuits.
40
Core GMPLS networks

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CDN servers are typically located in metro NAPs/PoPs
SONET networks extend between NAPs/PoPs
With Sycamore SN16000's support for GbE and 10GbE,
CDN servers with GbE and 10GbE NICs can be directly
connected to a core GMPLS network of SN16000s.
Dynamically set up 1-10Gbps circuit from CDN server to
CDN server (or backup server)
Use dedicated circuit to transfer web-pages files between
CDN servers whenever a new CDN server is recruited
Replicate as much of the web site as possible
41
Technology trends favor
aggressive replication

From "Potential Costs and Benefits of Long-term Prefetching
for CDNs" by Arun Venkataramani, Praveen Yalagandula, Ravi
Kokku, Sadia Sharif, Mike Dahlin, Department of Computer
Sciences, UT Austin, 21 June 2001:

Storage is cheap
-
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Network prices are falling
-
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Today: less than $200/100GB
Improving at > 100% per year
New technologies
- Lower cost of prefetch traffic [Byers98, Crovella98]

User time is valuable
42
April 2, 2016
Use Internet2's core network s
an example
Yellow nodes: Ciena CD-CI SONET switches
Blue nodes: Juniper T640 IP routers
Courtesy: Rick Summerhill
(2006)
43
Two parallel networks


IP network: Juniper T640 routers
interconnected by OC192s
Dynamic Circuit Services (DCS) network:
Ciena CD-CI nodes with GbE, 10GbE,
SONET (OC192) cards
44
Example of how Dynamic CDN
can be deployed on Internet2

Deploy CDN servers at some Internet2 PoPs.
1Gbps
10Gbps
45
1Gbps into IP-routed network: server clients in local regions
10Gbps into DCS network: push between replica servers
Why Dynamic circuit service?



Can create a higher-rate circuit for
temporary use between replica servers and
backup (origin) servers than possible with

private line

IP
Allows for larger prefetch and faster push
Prefetching can be of the first N
"hottest" URLs based on recent click
history
46
Delay is key in dynamic CDN

Remote client example (Long Tail)

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Quick copy of many pages from origin or
backup server to remote replica server for
fast service
Slashdot effect example

Quick copy to multiple replica servers
47
Combination of requirements

Requirements

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
Large file transfer
Fast file transfer
Higher the speed of the circuit, the
better
Expensive to get HIGH-SPEED private line
service between many replica serverorigin/backup server pairs
Also IP service is expensive at high speeds
48
Internet2 fee structure

Started by seeing Internet2 fee structure






http://www.internet2.edu/network/fees.html
1GbE link into Internet2's IP-routed network: $250K annual
cost
Two 1GbEs: one into IP-routed and second into DCS netwok:
$340K
Corresponding numbers for 10GbE: $480K and $550K
Hence cannot afford to keep 10GbE link into IP-routed
network turned up at all times
Recruiting it when needed with dynamic GMPLS circuit
setup allows for delay improvement in downloading "whole"
web site fast for improved user-perceived response time
49
Attraction of GMPLS
networks at high speeds



Because high-speed interface cards cost
less in SONET switches than in IP routers
For high switching capacity nodes, which
are mainly required in the core.
Cost comparison



Per OC192 port on SN16k: $37,500
Per POS OC192 port on 12416 GSR:
$225,000
10GbE card on 12416 GSR: $125K
50
Outline check


Three key points
Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks





Overview of today's CDN service
Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN
What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application?
Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN
Automatic private line rate increase application
51
Open source CDN software: GLOBULE



Globule is a 3rd-party module for Apache
Supports DNS and HTTP redirection so
requests are served by the closest replica
server
Open-source allows us to augment Globule to
support dynamic CDN
52
Globule Model

G. Pierre and M. Steen, “Globule: A Collaborative Content Delivery Network”, IEEE Comm Mag.,
44(8), pp. 127-133, Aug 2006
53
Changes to support dynamic CDN

Allow content to be pushed to subset of
replicas based on anticipated demand and
content-provider’s cost concerns


Add “knob” to allow content provider balance content
pushing vs increased cost
Support pre-fetching for remote sessions

Move some subset (most popular pages) of a site to the
replica server as soon as the first page is accessed
54
Outline check


Three key points
Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks





Overview of today's CDN service
Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN
What advantage does GMPLS bring to this
application?
Plan for implementation/experimentation on
CHEETAH network using Globule CDN
Automatic private line rate increase application
55
Build from current-day practice





What services are Sycamore optical
switches used for today?
What new network services are being
proposed?
What applications are enabled by these
new services?
Who should offer the network services?
Who should run the applications?
56
Sycamore equipment

Is it correct to say that Sycamore optical
switching and network access products are
used to provide private line services



Network access products:


PDH, SONET private lines
L2 Ethernet private lines
Max circuit rate: OC3? DNX-88
Metro rings: Use SN9000?
57
Current private line (PL) technologies

Private line services




PDH, SONET/SDH
Ethernet (L2) services: E-Line (EVC), and E-LAN
 L2 port or VLAN mapped to MPLS virtual circuit,
SONET or WDM circuit
WDM
Virtual private line? IPsec, MPLS VPNs?
58
Uses of private lines


Private line: originally "tie" lines to connect PBXs in enterprises
Dedicated private line (local or LD):






Virtual private lines



Interconnects PBXs
Interconnects LANs (Ethernet or ATM LANs)
Interconnects IP networks (enterprise routers)
Interconnects video-conferencing terminals
For storage networks
IPsec,
VPN (with MPLS?)
Special Access:

example: Verizon still needs access to the local facilities for its
former MCI customers that are now out of region.
59
Uses of private lines

Newer applications



Integrated Access:


Internet access: ISP orders the local loop through ILEC and
provides bill for both Internet service and PL access to business
customer: hence these PLs are counted as wholesale
ISPs purchase PL to interconnect their PoPs (wholesale)
Using IADs (Integrated Access Devices), services such as local, LD,
toll-free, LAN/WAN, VPN, video-conferencing IP and Internet
access are all integrated on to a single private line; different
services are stripped out at carrier's PoP for delivery to
appropriate transmission facility
Wireless backhaul (cell site platform aggregates T1s from cell
towers at basestation) for transfer to central office
60
Market (2007)

Local vs. Long Distance



Local private line: $27.1 Billion
Long distance (LD) private line: $12.8 Billion
Wholesale vs. retail




Wholesale Local: $14.9 Billion (ISP reselling to business)
Retail Local: $12.2 Billion
Wholesale LD: $3.4 Billion
Retail LD: $9.4 Billion
61
Carriers who offer PL services

Dominant players: AT&T and Verizon







Estimated 74% of long-distance market
Over 40% share of local market
AT&T offers SONET and Ethernet-over-SONET
Other long-haul carriers: Qwest, Sprint, Level3
Regional: XO and Time Warner
SONET offered by AT&T, Cox, Global crossing,
Level3, Qwest, Sprint, Time Warner, Verizon,
(3500 SONET rings), XO
Optimum Lightpath (Cablevision): Metro Ethernet
62
Attraction of Ethernet PL
over SONET PL?



Implication: primarily on the client, right?
Core network providing the Ethernet PL
can still be SONET
Ethernet cards are cheaper for routers

Cisco 12000 series router




1-port 10GigE card 1310nm SC: $125000 (list price)
1-port OC192c card 1310nm SR: $225,000
1-port OC48 channelized (CHOC): $280,000
But to create an Ethernet E-Line (EVC) need
MPLS or SONET or WDM, correct?
63
New services being proposed: dynamic
circuit services (SONET, E-Line)

Steal traffic from


private lines, OR
IP
Leased lines
Dynamic circuit services
IP
64
Two types of
Dynamic Circuit Services (DCS)
Dynamic circuit services
Leased lines
•
Fine Grained Sharing
(FGS)
TCP/IP
Coarse Grained Sharing
•
•
•
•
Coarse Grained Sharing
(CGS)
High-bandwidth circuits, AND
"Long" holding times
Need Book-Ahead (BA) support in the control-plane
(scheduling or advance reservations)
Fine Grained Sharing
•
•
•
Moderate-BW circuits, and/or
Short holding time
Immediate-Request (IR) mode sufficient in the control-plane.
65
New DCS network services & applications
DCS-network Dynamic circuit
scope services in the core
network ONLY
Bandwidthsharing modes
Dynamic circuit
services are
intraregional
Coarse Grained
Sharing
•
•
ISP router-torouter LongDistance (LD) PL
Business
interconnect PL
•
•
Fine Grained
Sharing
•
•
CDN web services
IPTV/video
distribution (CDN)
•
•
Disaster-recovery
(DR)
Server-replication
Business
interconnect and
Internet accesslink PL
•
Dynamic circuit
services involve
regional and core
networks
Business
interconnect PL
•
•
•
Video-conferencing
Distance-learning
DR
•
eScience
applications
•
Business
interconnect PL
•
Data file movement
Data file movement
Row/column headings: define service types
Entries in the body cells: applications
66
"Blue" vs "black" applications in table
Applications
Listed in
Blue
Listed in Black
Endpoints
Router-torouter
Server-toserver
Target market for
"encroachment"
Leased line
services
IP services
Volume and price
Low volume; High volume
High perLow per-unit
unit price
price
67
Router-to-router circuits

Services (Verizon):



Provide network administrator web portal access to
explicitly request an increase in leased-line rate
 e.g., if GbE interface used, but rate capped with VLAN
rate-limiting, allow for rate limit to be increased
(signaling if leased line realized through SN16000s).
Software that reads SNMP MIBs to monitor usage on
leased line, and automatically issue signaling request for
bandwidth increase
 Not likely; enterprise admins size their leased lines well.
Both ideas: aggregate traffic based
increase/decrease requests
68
Per-file transfer based rate
increases of PL

Even if link is lightly loaded, a single file transfer
delay can be reduced by increasing the bandwidth
of the bottleneck (lowest-rate) link.



e.g., an enterprise has an OC3 WAN access link. Even if
this link is lightly loaded, this becomes the max. rate
that any single file transfer can enjoy.
By dynamically increasing this rate for a few
seconds, user can enjoy a higher transfer rate.
Applicable to both types of private lines:


Business interconnect PL: Local or LD
Internet access PL: Local (wholesale - need to retool to
retail if BW can be increased for single file transfers)
69
Business interconnect
Private Line

Local or LD



Same idea of using GMPLS to increase PL rates
just for a single large file transfer



Storage applications require large file transfers.
Increase PL capacity just for a single transfer
Even though delay need not as critical, no reason not to
decrease it. HR time savings important in business
For some applications (DR, server replication),
use scheduled increase: CGS
For others (data movement), any one employee in
business may start a data application that
triggers an increase: FGS
70
Storage

Storage applications:


Disaster recovery (DR): backup of critical data
Server replication: e.g., of web servers (to
allow for quick switchover in case of failures)
71
Internet access PL vs. business
interconnect PL



What % of leased line revenues comes from ISP
access links and what part from business
interconnect?
Wholesale local  Internet access: $14.9B
Retail local, LD (Wholesale + Retail)  Business
interconnect = $25B
72
Business interconnect PL (local)
Enterprise
Enterprise
Enterprise
router
1GigE
PL
carrier
metro
SONET ring
Internet access PL
(300 Mbps)
Enterprise
router
73
Enterprise user's software signals a request to temporarily
increase its PL bandwidth to the full 1GigE for a single file transfer
Internet access (metro-area)
One building
ISP's IP router
1GigE
PL
carrier
metro
SONET ring
Internet access PL
(300 Mbps)
Enterprise user signals a request to temporarily
increase its Internet access PL to the full 1GigE
Enterprise
74
Application: Automatic PL
bandwidth modification

Business interconnect PL



Routers within businesses' control
Easier to implement
Internet access PL

Need tools to determine if WAN access link is
the bottleneck link on an end-to-end path, and
then increase rate.
75
Automatic private line rate
increase application design





User's data movement or DR applications are
shell-script wrapped with signaling software
End-host signaling software contacts a server,
which sends UNI messages to SN9000 or
SN16000 for call setup to increase PL rate.
If successful, it issues commands to routers at
the edge of the circuit to remove any rate limits
When user application is done, signaling software
issues release
We have two GSRs, which can be connected into
CHEETAH network for testing.
76
Summary



Opportunity to increase potential market for GMPLSenabled SN16000 switches
We have the CHEETAH SN16000 based GMPLS testbed
on which we can test applications and gain experience with
R&E users
Choose application(s) carefully


with due consideration of business aspects
Looking for support:


Student HR support to implement these applications for
GMPLS networks, and to build usage base
Cheetah testbed annual maintenance charges
77