Transcript Use of Forensic Sciences in Police Investigation

USE OF FORENSIC
SCIENCES IN POLICE
INVESTIGATION
ORDER OF PRESENTATION
 History
 Mission
 Vision
 Core Competencies
 Capabilities and Functions
 The Evidence and its Use
 SOCO Flow Chart
 SOCO Video Presentation
HISTORY OF CRIME LABORATORY
The PNP Crime Laboratory was first organized as a
Fingerprint Section of the G-2 Division of the Military
Police Command Armed Forces in the West Pacific of the
United States Army (AFWESPAC) in May 19, 1945. It
was upgraded into a branch and was renamed as Crime
Laboratory Branch of the Criminal Investigation Service,
which was the investigative arm of the Philippine
Constabulary (PC).
The laboratory underwent several reorganizations
and changes of names. It was reorganized on May 26,
1959 as a separate unit of the PC under Table of
Organization and Equipment 3-07 (TO & E 3-07) of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines and was renamed as PC
Forensic Laboratory. On December 1, 1960, pursuant
TO & E 03, the unit was renamed as the PC Central
Crime Laboratory, and on June 28, 1961, it was activated
as a unit of the Armed Forces of the Philippines pursuant
to Special Order Number 453 GHQ AFP.
The National Headquarters of the Crime
Laboratory in Camp Crame was constructed during
the term of then Philippine Constabulary Brigadier
General Vicente Raval on December 4, 1968. The
construction was completed on July 22, 1969,
coinciding with its official designation as the PC Crime
Laboratory (PCCL) pursuant to Headquarters
Philippine Constabulary General Order Number 23.
The
crime
laboratory
saw
continuous
improvement in the following years in order to serve
the people more effectively. In 1975, scientific pieces of
equipment were acquired through the War
Reparations Program of the Japanese Government.
Organizationally, the crime laboratory was expanded
in 1978, under the authority of HPC GO Nr 23 wherein
twelve (12) regional units were established.
With the merging of the Philippine Constabulary
and the Integrated National Police (INP) on May 16,
1985, PCCL was re-designated as PC/INP Crime
Laboratory Service (CLS) as per HPC GO Nr 64.
By virtue of Republic Act 6975 (DILG) enacted in
1990, the PC/INP was abolished, paving way to the
creation of the Philippine National Police. Consequently,
the PNP Crime Laboratory Service was established as an
Administrative Support Unit on January 30, 1990. In
1996, NAPOLCOM Resolution Nr 96-058 spelled out the
streamlining program of the PNP and designated the
PNPCLS as a National Operational Support Unit.
Likewise, it dropped the word Service from the crime
laboratory’s name and would simply be known as the
PNP Crime Laboratory.
MISSION
To provide scientific method of investigation and
technical support to the PNP and other government/nongovernment investigative agencies through fieldwork,
scene of crime operation, forensic laboratory service,
criminalistics training and research.
VISION
The men and women of the PNP Crime Laboratory
are committed to the vision of a professional, dynamic
and motivated forensic service, providing quality
scientific investigation and working in partnership with
responsive pillars of the Criminal Justice System
towards the attainment of equality and justice.
CORE COMPETENCIES
BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE
FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY
POLYGRAPH
EXAM
QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT
EXAM
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
PNP CL
PHYSICAL
IDENTIFICATION
FIREARMS
IDENTIFCATION
FINGERPRINT
IDENTICATION
CHEMISTRY DIVISION
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Conduct Qualitative aation of Dangerous Drugs under RA 9165 as well as
volatile substances under PD 1619.
Conduct examination of explosives and/or explosive ingredients. (PD 1866)
Conduct examination of Firearms and Paraffin casts for the presence of
Gunpowder Nitrates.
Conduct Chemico-Toxicological examination of human internal organs,
gastric contents, blood water and food sample and other substances.
Conduct examination of fake products in case of unfair trade competition.
(fundador, cement, SMB, cigarette, chlorox)
Conduct blood alcohol determination.
Examine urine and other body fluids for the presence of dangerous drugs.
Conduct researches and training related to the cases being examined.
Give lectures on Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology to various schools,
universities, police training centers and other investigative units.
Testify and give expert opinion in court.
Respond to queries of all investigative units and render expert opinion
regarding matters related to the application of chemical principles for the
purpose of assisting investigators in developing investigative leads.
Conduct Field laboratory work and clandestine laboratory investigationnd
Quantitative Examin.
PNP Forensic Explosives
Laboratory
Capabilities:
The PNP Forensic Explosives Laboratory can determine the
presence of different ions found in post blast debris and suspected
explosive materials as well as other ions of potential forensic
significance.
The PNP Forensic Explosives Laboratory was created thru
Philippines-Australia Counter Terrorism Capacity Building Project
with the active support of the Australian Federal Police.
The support includes laboratory set-up, equipment, supplies
and training packages. Inaugurated on February 01, 2007 with the
Australian Ambassador to the Philippines His Excellency Tony Hely
as the guest of Honor and Speaker.
MEDICO LEGAL DIVISION
FUNCTIONS
 THE MISSION, CONDUCT EXAMINATIONS ON PERSONS
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INVOLVED IN PHYSICAL INJURY CASES AND SEXUAL
OFFENSES.
CONDUCT AUTOPSIES, EXHUMATIONS, SKELETAL AND
ODONTOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS TO DETERMINE THE
CAUSE OF DEATH AND IDENTITY OF PERSONS.
CONDUCT HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND SEROLOGICAL
EXAMINATIONS TO DETERMINE EXACT CAUSE OF DEATH
AS WELL AS THE PRESENCE AND TYPE OF HUMAN BLOOD.
CONDUCT DNA ANALYSIS FOR PERSON IDENTIFICATION.
CONDUCT LECTURES TO DIFFERENT POLICE/ MILITARY
INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND PRIVATE /
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
ORIENT AND TRAIN NEW PERSONNEL AND OJT ON
FUNCTIONS AND CAPABILITIES ON THE DIVISION.
DNA BRANCH, MEDICO LEGAL
DIVISION
FUNCTION AND CAPABILITIES
1. PROVIDES FORENSIC DNA FINGERPRINTING/ANALYSIS TO MATCH THE
SUSPECT OF THE CRIME IN CASES OF:
A. Alleged raped and other sexual crimes wherein biological sample are
recovered
B. Alleged murder/ homicide to established identity of perpetrator
C. Found dead bodies where standard manner of identification could not
establish identity
2. Identifies Victims of Mass Disasters such as in:
A. Plane Crashes
B. Ship wreckage
C. Fire Disasters
3. Establishes paternity/Maternity in child custody conflict and inheritance
lawsuits to link consanguinity
PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION
Capabilities/ Functions
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Conducts analysis and comparison of specimen to
determine its nature, composition, quality or source such
as hair, fibers, debris, metals, paints, woods, restoration
of serial numbers of motor vehicles and firearms,
ultraviolet examination in entrapment and buy-bust
operations, bullet trajectory in shooting incidents and
casting and molding of different types of impressions
and tool marks examination.
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Assists investigators in the proper collection, handling
and preservations of physical evidence.
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Conduct researches before their adaptation, give
lectures, technical opinion and testimony in both civil
and criminal courts.
FIREARMS
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
CAPABILITIES
examination of evidence firearms, fired
bullets/cartridge cases, shotgun shells, wads, pellets and
related specimens recovered from the crime.
Conducts test firing of evidence firearms of different
caliber;
Conducts scene of crime operations and field laboratory
works;
Determines the classification of firearms as to power,
pursuant to RA 8294;
Conducts lectures, briefings and seminars on firearm
identification;
Appears in Court as Expert Witness; and
Performs such other functions as may be directed by the
Director, Crime Laboratory.
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FINGERPRINT
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
CAPABILITIES:
 Responsible to the Dir, CL for the examination of all fingerprint evidence of
criminal nature.
 Supervise the technical training of the division personnel with regards to
dactylosycopy so as to improve their knowledge and techniques of
examination and analysis.
 Provides lectures on the science of Dactyloscopy to PNP School and other
units of the AFP.
 Provides fingerprint expert witnesses in civil and military courts for the
purpose of interpretation of dactyloscopic reports on the scientific
examination performed.
 Develops, lifts and preserves latent print gathered at the crime scenes
subsequently takes fingerprint of suspects and criminal.
 Examines, compares and determines the identity or non-identity of all
questioned finger, palm and footprints.
 Assists in establishing identities of deceased persons whose cadavers and
beyond recognition.
 Classifies, verifies and files all Fingerprint cards based on Henry System
with FBI Modification and Extension.
 Maintain index (3x5) card of cross-reference of persons by name whose
fingerprint cards are on the Master File.
AFIS BRANCH, FPID
FUNCTIONS / CAPABILITIES
FINGERPRINT DATA BASE CAPABLE OF
ELECTRONICALLY
CAPTURING LATENT FINGERPRINT
IMAGES AND TEXTUAL INFORMATION
AFIS OPERATION ROOM
COLLECTED FINGERPRINT ARE ENCODED TO THE
TERMINAL COMPUTER MACHINE AND STORED TO
THE MAIN COMPUTER DATA BASE OF AFIS
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION DIVISION
Functions/Capabilities
 Examination of Questioned Signatures
 Handwriting Examination
 Examination of Document suspected to have been
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Altered/Erased.
Decipherment of Secret Writings
Examination of Sequence of Entry
Paper and Ink Comparison
Typewriting Identification
Examination of Counterfeit Bills
Conduct lectures to PNP, AFP and other government
agencies.
Conduct Field Laboratory Works
Attend court Duties.
POLYGRAPH DIVISION
FUNCTIONS/CAPABILITIES
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Criminal Investigation
Domestic Issues
Employees Theft/Fraud
Unfair Dismissal
Pilferage
Insurance investigation
False and Malicious Allegations
Sexual Harassment
Pre-employment/periodic screening
PHOTOGRAPHY DIVISION
FUNCTIONS/CAPABILITIES
 Photograph suspects and crime victims for personal
identification;
 Photograph evidence submitted to this laboratory before
examination;
 Conduct crime scene photography;
 Conduct comparative examination and analysis of questioned
photograph;
 Conducts lectures to different police/military training
institutions, gov’t agencies and public/private schools upon
request;
 Processes black & white film and print to reduce and enlarge
photographs;
 Reproduces photographs and other printed matters;
 Sketches facial features of suspects based on actual description
by the witnesses or victims for identification;
 Attend court duties; and
 Maintains Crime Laboratory “Rogue’s Gallery”
FLOWCHART OF REQUEST FOR FORENSIC LABORATORY EXAMINATION
WRITTEN
REQUEST
RECEIVING
Recording
Referral: To concerned
Investigation
Personal Request
Court Order
MEDICO LEGAL
DIVISION
CRIME LAB
RECEIVING/
RELEASING
CENTER
PHYSICAL
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION
CHEMISTRY
DIVISION
RELEASING
•Releasing of Lab result (duly signed by
the Examiner-on-Case, Chief of Technical
Div and
QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT
DIVISION
FIREARMS
IDENTIFICATION
DIV
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P
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•Assessment of specimen
•Recording
•Issuance of Land Bank OP
•Clientele pay the cost of
examination at any Land Bank
office
CDS
NOTE: Please refer to the duration of examination
FINGERPRINT
IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION
POLYGRAPH
DIVISION
•Assignment of case number
•Labeling of specimen
•Conduct of examination
•Preparation of lab report
FORENSIC
PHOTO
DIVISION
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THE EVIDENCE AND ITS USE
Technical Branch
Dactyloscopy
(Fingerprint
Identification)
Person /Specimen Submitted
Purpose of Examination
Weapons, various objects,
fixed or movable taken from
of found at the crime scene.
Criminals, suspect,
complainants and other
persons who were at the
crime scene.
Known and unknown
deceased persons whose
identification is subject to
question; impostors, and of
legal entrants and aliens,
other identified persons.
To develop, lift and preserve
latent prints
To compare prints taken from
such persons with the latent
prints developed and gathered
from the crime scene of from
objects taken at the crime
scene.
To establish identity from
prints taken from such person
that is compared with prints
on record.
Technical Branch
Forensic Chemistry
Person /Specimen Submitted
Dangerous drugs, substances and
paraphernalia.
Blood and urine samples from
suspected drug users.
Victims and/or suspects in
shooting incidents.
Clothing of victims in shooting
incidents
Firearms
Explosives and explosive
ingredients.
Debris from bombing or explosive
ingredient.
Vomitus, human organs or
suspected poisonous substance.
Liquor, beverages, paints other
commercial products.
Purpose of Examination
To determine presence of
dangerous drugs.
To determine presence of alcohol
and the amount, if any.
To determine if the person fired a
gun or not.
To determine presence of
gunpowder residue and
approximate gunshot range.
To determine if the firearm was
fired or not.
To determine if substances are
explosive ingredients or not.
To determine presence of any
explosive residue or ingredients.
To determine presence and
identify any poisonous substances.
To compare with standard
products in cases of unfair
competition by fake
manufacturers.
Technical Branch
Forensic
Photography
Person /Specimen
Submitted
Photographs and
photo related
evidence
Crime scene photo
requirement.
Purpose of
Examination
To analyze
questioned
photograph and
compare with
known
photographs
To make
photographs or
videotapes record
of crime scene and
evidence found
therein.
Technical Branch
Ballistics
( Firearms Identification)
Person /Specimen
Submitted
Bullet (s)
Shell (s)
Firearm (s)
Purpose of Examination
To determine if bullet (s)
extracted forma victim or
recovered form a crime
scene came from
suspected firearms (s).
To determine the caliber,
type and make of firearm
from which a bullet or
shell was fired. If no
firearm was recovered.
To determine if bullet (s)
and/or shells came from
the same firearm.
To determine if the
firearms is serviceable or
not.
Technical Branch
Questioned Document
Person /Specimen Submitted
Document
Handwriting, poison letters or
threats.
Typewritten letter threats and
poison letters, typewriter.
Paper bills, BIR, liquor
auxiliary labels and cigarette
stamps.
Checks and check writers
Secret Writings
Purpose of Examination
To determine if genuine of
forged.
To determine presence of
alterations, erasures,
superimpositions, inserted
entries and other cases of
defalcations and decipher
original entries.
To determine if genuine of not
and to identify the writer.
To determine the make and
model of typewriter and to
identify the machine used.
To determine whether
counterfeit or not.
To determine if genuine or not
and impressions if prepared if
check writer machine.
To decipher the writings.
Technical Branch
Medico-Legal
(Forensic Medicine)
Person /Specimen Submitted
Cadaver or corpse
Unidentified cadaver and skeletal
remains.
Victims of physical injuries.
Victims of crimes against chastity.
Suspected drug user or drunk person.
Blood stains and blood samples from
victims and suspects.
Seminal stains or semen and clothing
of rape victims.
Purpose of Examination
To determine cause of death
approximate tissue of death and
whether or not the case is a suicide,
a homicide or murder.
To determine identity through dental
charts, body deformities and other
body marks.
To determine extent of injuries
sustained and the compatibility of
wounds with alleged weapons.
To determine whether the victim is
still a virgin of not, as well as the
extent of injuries sustained, if any.
To determine is such person is under
the influence of dugs or alcohol.
To determine if the stain is blood; if it
is human blood or otherwise; if the
blood group is the same as that of
the victim or suspect.
To determine is stain is human semen
or not.
Technical Branch
Polygraph
( Lie Detection)
Person /Specimen
Submitted
Persons involved in
criminal cases as
suspect. Victims,
witness, informer, etc.
Purpose of Examination
To verify the
truthfulness of their
given statements and/or
compare conflicting
depositions.
To obtain leads to the
facts of an offense,
location of stolen goods
or whereabouts of
wanted persons.
To obtain a fact after a
test indicates that a
person lied or tried to
cover up what he
knows.
Technical Branch
Physical Identification
(Trace Evidence)
Person /Specimen
Submitted
Ashes and debris from
fire scene.
Hairs, fibers, cordages,
paint chips or scrapping,
metal fragments, soils
and glass fragments.
Motor engines, chassis,
firearms and other metal
objects with tampered
serial numbers and other
marks.
Shoeprint, tire
impressions, toolmarks.
Ink, Paper.
Purpose of Examination
To detect presence of any
flammable substance
that could have caused
fire.
To establish probable
source.
To detect/restore the
original serial number
and determine or
establish the real owner.
To compare with shoe,
tire or tool in the
possession of the
suspect.
To determine type and
probable age.
PRESENT SOCO FLOW CHART
START
- Request
1
-Directive from
Higher
Headquarters
Receiving Officer
Receiving Logbook
Receive and Evaluate Request
2
ADO
ADO
Mobilize and Dispatch SOCO
3
SOCO Team
-Chief, SOCO
-SOCO
-Duty Detail
4
SOCO Team
After SOCO Report
Secure, collect, preserve and
document evidence
5
SOCO Team
Monitor and Supervise/consolidate
and submit report
After SOCO Report
6
7
ADO
Dir, Crime Lab
Notation
Review and endorse report
8
ADO
File and maintain records
START
VIDEO
PRESENTATION
thank you!