Transcript Peer to peer networks and Distributed Innovation

Peer to peer networks
Distributed innovation
Niloy Ganguly
IIT Kharagpur
National Conference on
Decentralized Innovation:
Focus on Rural and Small Urban Enterprises
16-17 March 2007
Talk Overview
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Peer to peer networks
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Introduction and various utilities
P2p in social perspective
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Random thoughts
Emerging Technologies
 Ultra cheap Telephony
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Peer To Peer Network
Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers
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Simple
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Inexpensive
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No Boss
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No Regulation
Peer To Peer Network
Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers

Simple

Inexpensive

No Boss

No Regulation
Peer To Peer Network
PCs at the edge of the network are called “Peers”
Peers can retrieve objects directly from each other
Advantages of a P2P Network
A large collection of peers may be
available for content distribution-sometimes millions!
User takes advantage of the network’s
currently available resources.
Application – File sharing
Machines exchange files within
themselves
Each machine shares a set of files
P2P networks generate more
traffic than any other
internet application
2/3 of all bandwidth on some
backbones
Topology of Gnutella Network
Application – File sharing
Skype
Application – Internet Telephony
VoIP:
Voice over IP (Internet Protocol)
 Telephony over the Internet
Skype:
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Most popular VoIP application
Free calls to other Skype users
Cheap calls (~ 1p/min) to landlines
& mobiles
Various add-on facilities also
available
Skype
Application – Internet Telephony
Skype
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as a telephone
Skype can be used as a conventional
telephone
Particularly useful on laptops for the
traveller
Sense of presence – know if recipient
is online (can switch off)
Instant messaging
Additional
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features:
Integration with Web browser
(sharing browsing)
Video Skype
Usage Scenarios
How
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Skype can be used:
Conventional phone replacement (office/home)
On laptops, when travelling
Conference calls (on-the-fly)
Listening in to lectures (nb. accessibility benefits)
Recording talks (e.g. interviews for Podcasts)
Support for remote workers
Help desk support (e.g. VoIP-based Ask Me reference
desk)
….
Application – Distributed Processing
Huge number crunching for Cancer Research
Seti@Home - Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Two million computers crunching
data gathered from the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico.
The project produces over 15 teraflops[4] of processing throughput.
As a comparison, ANSI white, the world's
most powerful supercomputer, produces 12 teraflops
of processing throughput at a cost of us$110 million.
Application – Publisher Subscribe
TSX
NYSE
Stock markets
Publisher
NASDAQ
Publisher
Publications
Notification
Subscriber
Subscriptions:
IBM > 85
ORCL < 10
JNJ > 60
Broker
Network
Subscriptions
Notification
Subscriber
Talk Overview

Peer to peer networks


Introduction and various utilities
P2p in social perspective

Random thoughts
Emerging Technologies
 Ultra cheap Telephony

Placing p2p in the context of the
evolution of technology
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Tribal-era technologies – extremities of limbs
Agricultural technologies – extension of muscular
systems
Industrial era – central body and internal
metabolic functions
Information age – nervous system (telephone and
telegraph), mind (computer),
Placing p2p in the context of the
evolution of technology
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Participative but not differentiated
Differentiated but not participative
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Humans become dumb extension of machine
Machine become intelligent
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Machine seen as extension of brain rather than
limbs
A participation paradigm arises
Hacker ethics
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Mass intellectuality increases through
formal and informal education
Meaning in life is no longer sought in the
sphere of salaried work but through in life in
general.
Entertainment is sought through “work”
guiding free software production
(socialization)
Emergence of p2p network
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Technological artifacts are a social
construction, reflecting various social
interests
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Capital, engineering communities, critical voice
within society, consumers
Internet was explicitly defined to enable peer-to
peer collaboration
Technology reflects a new way of being or feeling
Emergence of Peer to peer network
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One-to-one to many-to-one to many-to-many media
Information abundance
Redundancy of information
Hence extremely robust p2p networks emerge
Corporate Changes
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Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost
For business process, keyword becomes flow and
integration of endless flow
Corporate Changes
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Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost
For business process, keyword becomes flow and
integration of endless flow
Flattening of hierarchy
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Sub-unit becomes complex, hence to be granted more
autonomy
What is produced and not how is it produced.
Peer to peer form of communication is becoming
imperative for corporate competitiveness
Communism of Capital
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Processes no longer internally integrated,
externally integrated in vast webs of intercompany cooperation.
Potential damaging consumers.
Workers learning in a series of interaction/
training program
Complexity, innovation-dependent and
time-based
E-bay, amazon – consumer feedback
Distributed Innovation
Open software
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Free software – rejects the ownership of software
Open Source – ownership is there but one can change
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Within the systems but partly transcends it
Attractive for efficiency
Used by IBM and Microsoft’s rival, EU
Internet infrastructure – Apache server, Linux
P2p dialogues are not representative dialogues in which
participants represent their various religions, rather they are
encounters of composite and hybrid experience in which
each full expresses his different understanding, building a
spiritual commons.
Distributed Innovation
Deinstitutionalization
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No formal rules to engage in knowledge
exchange (no formal degrees)
Open Universities – university of Openness
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The uo is a framework in which individuals and
organizations can pursue their shared interest
Any member may start a faculty to socialize their
research with the Uo.
News regulation (trustworthiness)
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No need of any Wall Street journal
Distributed Innovation
Dot-com burst and decommodification
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Dotcom burst shows use value cannot be
converted to exchange value
P2p creates massive use-value, but no automatic
exchange value and thus it cannot fund itself
P2p sphere can work with more and more
autonomy, creating more and more use value,
slowly creating a cohesive system within system
Marginal trend or premise of new
civilization
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Historical development of capitalism in 11th
to 13th century
Roman empire
Bernat poirot-delpech in Le Monde –
nothing ever changes, we are bored with
this country
Argentina after the economic shock
Talk Overview

Peer to peer networks


Introduction and various utilities
P2p in social perspective

Random thoughts
Emerging Technologies
 Ultra cheap Telephony
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Emerging Technology – Grid and
cluster
Supercomputer formed by
connecting together a number of
small computers with high speed
interconnectivity
Emerging Technology – Adhoc
Network
A network where the nodes are the
mobile devices.
Mobile devices themselves form
connectivity within themselves
without the help of any base
station
Emerging Technology – Mesh
Network
A network of low cost mesh,
some of the meshes having
satellite connection
Emerging Technology – Delay
Tolerant Network
No need of connectionoriented network.
Here nodes act as post-man
carrying the information to
the destination
Talk Overview

Peer to peer networks


Introduction and various utilities
P2p in social perspective

Random thoughts
Emerging Technologies
 Ultra cheap Telephony
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Bangladesh
(GrameenPhone)
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A few phones (or just one) cover a whole village
”Telephone ladies” = entrepreneurs: they buy phones and other
equipment, & then charge for their use
Loans (microcredit) from Grameen Bank, support from Grameen
Telecom
Grameen Phone uses GSM (not the cheapest technology), but
charges ½ the urban rate for local calls (0.04$/min in 2001)
Everyone wins!
Farmers & other callers save $$
Telephone ladies earn well, gain independence & respect
Grameen Phone earns $$ (major owner: Telenor!)
Grameen Bank earns $$, Nobel Peace Prize
Local = low cost
Ruralfone (Brazil)
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Standard GSM is used, but all equipment is produced in Brazil
 low cost
Other needed goods purchased locally when possible
Employees are all locally hired (except 2 on management
team)
Intense local interaction & contact with customers
Local calls (in town) are cheap
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unlimited local calls 16$/month, or
Plano Basico, local calls, 0.10$/min
Launched in Quixadá May 2005, profitable after 10 mos
Mesh in the jungle
Yachana (FUNEDESIN),
Amazonas, Ecuador
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Isolated complex (2.5 hours by motorized canoe): high
school, ecotourism lodge, science center, medical
clinic, offices
Wireless broadband (WiFi) in a mesh network (manyto-many, so access points are also routers)
VoIP over the WiFi mesh
Solar power, satellite uplink  VoIP to Skype: cheap,
but has a delay
Plans to link to the cellphone network
Towards ultra-cheap telephony
(Telenor R&I project)
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Choose wireless broadband in unlicensed band
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focus on stand-alone but accessible communities
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no license fee
mass-produced components  low cost
mesh topology, smart antennas
open source software
handset is not (yet) cheap
local calls can be very cheap
estimate: 70—80% of calls are local
backhaul: wireless point-to-point connection to nearest
town with cellular network
A possible cost target: 0.0015$/minute for local calls
What about peer-to-peer?
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P2P works best on top of reliable connections,
building an ’overlay network’
So other technologies are needed for cheap local
access, while P2P can give very cheap
connection on a global scale
Internet
P2P; cheap
local
cheap
backhaul
maybe expensive
Evolution of Collective Intelligence
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Tribal Intelligence
Pyramidal Structure
Swarm Intelligence
Collective Intelligence
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Sufficient money
Open standard
Information system to regulate symbolic exchange
Permanent connection with cyberspace
Personal development to acquire the capabilities of such
cooperation
Cognitive Capitalists
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All assets abstracted into stocks,
predominance of immaterial flows
Knowledge workers clearly becomes the
key sector of the multitudes
Vectorial class - hacker class producing
new means of production
P2p Dialogues
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P2p dialogues are not representative
dialogues in which participants represent
their various religions , rather they are
encounters of composite and hybrid
experience in which each full expresses his
different understanding, building a spiritual
commons.
Three scenarios of co-existence
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Peaceful co-existence
Cognitive capitalism partly incorporates,
partly destroying p2p ethos.
P2p sphere can work with more and more
autonomy, creating more and more use
value, slowly creating a cohesive system
within system.
Emerging Technology – Adhoc
Network