Transcript Expanding Horizons

Expanding Horizons
Chapter 6
Early Exploration
See Worksheet 6.1 Make sure you know the
following:
• Reasons for seeking sea routes
• New technologies that aided exploration
• Importance of Henry the Navigator
• Purpose of the Line of Demarcation
Goals for Exploration and
who explored for them
Portugal
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Trade is number one goal
Mostly focused in Indian Ocean
Colonization later becomes necessary
Brazil is only South American Colony
www.abflags.com
Bartholomeu Dias
From Portugal
Explored
• Southern tip of Africa,
Successes
• Named Cape of
Good Hope
• Proved ships could reach
East Asia by sailing around
Africa.
Controversies
• None noted
Vasco de Gama
from Portugal
Explored
• India
• Along east coast of Africa
• Successes
• Regarded as national hero in
Portugal
• Pioneered a water route to
Asia
Controversies
• Failed to convince Muslim
merchants to trade with
Portugal
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
From Portugal
Explored
• Africa
• Asia
• Brazil
Successes
• Established trade routes along
India’s coast
• Colonized Brazil
Controversies
• Bloody war with Muslim
merchants along the Indian
Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan
From Portugal
Explored
• Atlantic Ocean to South America
• Pacific Ocean
Successes
• Narrow water named Strait of
Magellan,
• Completed the first
circumnavigation.
Controversies
• Executed a Captain who Instigated
the mutiny,
• his ships wrecked,
• Magellan was killed in the
Philippines
Spain
• Acquire Wealth- mining for gold/silver
• Convert natives to Christianity
• Explorers are known as Conquistadors
www.abflags.com
Christopher Columbus
From Italy but sailed for Spain
Explored
• What he believed to be India,
China
• We later know that it was
present day America
Successes
• First person to cross the
Atlantic Ocean,
• and he found gold
• Columbian Exchange
Controversies
• The crew was scared that they
wouldn’t find land.
Amerigo Vespucci
From Italy
Explored
• The Americas
Successes
• He suggested that
Columbus found a “New
World.”
• America is named after
him
Controversies
• Disproving Christopher
Columbus’ claims
Francisco Pizarro
From Spain
Explored
• South America
Successes
• Establishing a Spanish
Colony in present day Peru
by defeating the Incan
Empire
• Captured Atahualpa
Controversies
• Massacred thousands of
Inca
Hernan Cortes
From Spain
Explored
• Mexico area around Aztecs
– Aided by Malinche
Successes
• Became ruler of Mexico.
• Established Spanish colony
• He found gold
Controversies
• Defeated Montezuma II
• Killed many Aztecs
Netherlands
• Acquire Natural Resources
• Expand Commerce
– Dutch East India Company monopolized trade
around Indonesia
www.abflags.com
Henry Hudson
From England but sailed for the Dutch
• Explored
• Atlantic coast of North
America
Successes
• Claimed New Amsterdam
for the Dutch
Controversies
• The Dutch power was
declining, because of
England’s leading nation
France
• Late in exploration because of religious
conflict
• Sought quick profits from trade rather than
long term investing
– They have some trading posts in West Indies and
India but majority is in North America (Canada)
• Christianizing
– Missionaries sent to Canada to convert Natives
www.abflags.com
Samuel de Champlain
From France
Explored
• The Americas
Successes
• Founded Quebec
• Opened area up for more
exploration
Controversies
• None noted
Jacques Cartier
From France
Explored
• Eastern Canada
Successes
• Claimed much of eastern
Canada for France
• Named Montreal
Controversies
• None Noted
England
• Colonization
– Settlers colonized while looking for Religious
freedom
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Acquire Raw Materials
Defeat Spanish
They did not focus on Christianizing natives
English East India Company monopolized
trade around India
www.abflags.com
John Cabot
from Italy but sailed for England
Explored
• Canada
Successes
• Claimed Newfoundland
for England.
Controversies
• None noted
Sir Francis Drake
From England
Explored
• Atlantic Ocean and the
North Sea for Spanish ships.
Successes
• Retrieved gold and silver for
England.
Controversies
• Raided the Spanish ships in
order to get the gold and
silver.
Effects of
Exploration
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of goods and ideas between the Old world and the New World
• Credited to Christopher Columbus’ first
journey to the New world
Correct Answers for
Columbian Exchange
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Banana
Carnations
Chickens
Coffee
Daisies
Dandelion
Horses
Influenza
Olives
Oranges
Peaches
Pigs
Rice
Smallpox
Sugarcane
Wheat
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Alpaca
Avocado
Beans
Cacao
Corn
Cotton
Marigolds
Peanuts
Poinsettias
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Rubber
Syphilis
Tobacco
Tomatoes
Turkeys
6.2 Continued
Triangle Trade and
the Middle Passage
Triangle Trade
Three way trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas
Americas to Europe
•Raw Materials
Africa to Americas
•Slaves
Europe to Africa
•Manufactured goods
Effects on Native Populations
• Colonial
Many natives
converted
leaders who
were bornto
in Christianity.
Peninsulares
– Made
connections
Spain
or Portugalwith native cultures to tie into
Christian beliefs
Colonial
born
whiteswere
whose
parents
– Some
Natives
killed
if they did not Creoles
convert
from Spain or Portugal
• were
Usedboth
natives
for slave labor
• Effects of disease
People
of mixed
ethnicityone parent
– Many
native
populations
were decimated,
Mestizos,
was
native
or African
– Up
toa80%
death
rate in some regions.
Natives and Africans
• Led to introduction of African slaves
• Created Encomienda System in Central America
People of
Importance
Atahualpa
• He was the last ruler of the
Incan people.
• He came to power by
defeating his brother.
• He was defeated by Pizarro
and the Spanish.
• A priest granted him an easier
death for converting to
Christianity.
Malinche
• She was a slave given
to Cortés.
• She willingly traveled
with him as a translator.
• She helped Cortés make
contact with the Aztec
people.
• She is seen as a traitor
by her people.
Montezuma
• He was the last ruler of the
Aztec people.
• He initially welcomed Cortés
with gifts of gold.
• He thought Cortés was their
god-king returning.
• He was defeated by Cortés.
Bartolome de las Casas
• He was a Jesuit who
traveled with the
Conquistadors.
• He fought to end abuse
toward native people.
• Laws were passed but
rarely enforced.