Transcript 01a-TheBigPicture-PartA

IS 302
Information Systems
for Business
OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE
1. IS: The Big Picture
2. How IS Can Be Used to Gain Competitive Advantage
3. Database Management
– How to Design and Create Databases
4. Telecommunications and the Internet
– How to Design and Create Webpages
5. E-Commerce, Intranets, and Extranets
6. Organizational Information Systems
– How to Design and Spreadsheet Models
7. Enterprise-Wide IS
8. IS Development and Acquisition
9. IS Ethics, Crime, and Security
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
The Big Picture
“The Big Picture” Learning Goals
a.
Understand the term “information systems”
b.
Understand IS components
c.
Understand IS
career opportunities
d.
Understand types of
information systems
e.
Understand IS and
organizational success
f.
TPS
MIS
EIS
DSS
ES
FAIS
or failure
Understand the future of IS management
“IS”
OAS
Collab
CRM
ECS
ERP
1a. Understand the term
“information systems”
Information systems are combinations of
hardware, software, and telecommunication networks
which
people build and use
to
collect, create, and distribute useful data
typically in
organizational settings
1b. Understand IS components
Recorded, unformatted
information,
such as words and numbers,
that often has no meaning
in and of itself.
Builders and users of
an information system.
Data
People
Information
Systems
Telecomm
Hardware
Software
Physical Computer Equipment
A program or set of programs
that tell the computer
to perform certain
processing functions.
The transmission
of all forms of data
from one location to another
over some type of network
1b. Understand IS components
Hardware
(1 of 3)
Input
Device
Processing Device
/ System Unit
Hardware
that
is used to
enter
information
into a
computer.
Hardware
that transforms
inputs into outputs.
Overview
Output
Device
Hardware
that
delivers information
in a usable format.
1b. Understand IS components
Hardware
(2 of 3)
System Unit
System Unit
Components
Motherboard
CD-ROM Drive
Hard Drive
Random Access
Memory (RAM)
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
1b. Understand IS components
Hardware
(3 of 3)
System Unit
- Assembled
1b. Understand IS components
Software
(1 of 7)
Operating
Systems
Definition
Software that coordinates the interaction between hardware devices,
peripherals, applications software, and users.
Responsibilities of Operating Systems
•
Booting
•
Reading programs into memory and managing memory allocation
•
Managing where programs and files are located in secondary storage
•
Maintaining the structure of directories and subdirectories
•
Formatting disks
•
Controlling the computer monitor
•
Sending documents to the printer
Examples of Operating Systems
•
Windows
•
Unix
•
Linux
1b. Understand IS components
Software
Applications
Software
(2 of 7)
Definition
Software used to perform a specific task that the user needs to accomplish.
Types of Applications Software
•
Customized or proprietary: Developed specifically by or for a particular organization.
•
Commercial: Purchased off-the-shelf and used by a variety of people and/or
organizations to meet their specific needs.
Examples of Applications Software
•
Business Information Systems:
Applications developed to perform
organization-wide operations.
•
Office Automation / Personal Productivity:
Applications used by individuals / groups within the
organization to make them more efficient / effective.
–
Payroll
–
Word processors
–
Inventory Management
–
Spreadsheets
–
Order Processing
–
Database Management Systems
–
Billing
–
Presentation software
–
Shipping
–
Email Clients
–
Web Browsers
1b. Understand IS components
Software
(3 of 7)
Programming
Languages
Definition
Computer language used by the software vendor to write application programs.
Generations of Programming Languages
Gen
Name
Description
Example
1st
Machine
Binary code that instructs the computer which
circuits to turn on and which to turn off
101110101001100011002202020202
2nd
Symbolic
Replaced binary codes with symbols
Assembly
1b. Understand IS components
Software
(4 of 7)
Gen
Name
Description
Examples
3rd
Procedural
Uses Englishlike words to
instruct the
computer
COBOL
C++
Programming
Languages
1b. Understand IS components
Software
(5 of 7)
Gen
Name
Description
Example
4th
OutcomeOriented
Focus on desired output
instead of the procedures
required to get that output
SQL
5th
Natural
Allow the used to
communicate with the
computer using true
English sentences
Programming
Languages
1b. Understand IS components
Software
(6 of 7)
Programming
Languages
Current Language Types
•
Objected Oriented Languages – Allows programmers to group data and program
instructions together into modules or objects that can more easily be maintained by the
programmer.
•
Visual Programming Languages – Allows programmers to do their programming using a
Graphical User Interface (GUI).
•
Web Development Languages
–
HTML: Text-based file format that uses a series of codes, or tags, to set up a a web
page document.
–
Java: A compiled, object-oriented language used in developing applications, primarily
for the Web.
–
Scripting Languages:
• Client Side:
– Javascript: Allows users to add dynamic content to Web pages.
• Server Side:
– ASP: Microsoft’s Server-Side Scripting Language
– PHP: Open-Source Community Scripting Language
1b. Understand IS components
Software
( 7 of 7 )
Computer-Aided
Software Engineering
(CASE) Tools
Definition
Automated software tools used by systems developers to design and
implement information systems.
Types of CASE Tools
•
Diagramming Tools: Enable system process, data, and control structures to be
represented graphically.
•
Screen & Report Generators: Help model how systems look and feel to users. Also
make it easier for the systems analyst to identify data requirements and relationships.
•
Analysis Tools: Automatically check for incomplete, inconsistent, or incorrect specification
in diagrams, screens, and reports.
•
Repository: Enables the integrated storage of specifications, diagrams, reports, and
project management information.
•
Documentation Generators: Help produce both technical and user documentation in
standard formats.
•
Code Generators: Enable the automatic generation of program and database definitions
directly from the design documents, diagrams, screens, and reports.
1b. Understand IS components
Telecomm
(1 of 6)
Servers, Clients,
and Peers
• Network: Consists of servers, clients, and peers
• Server: Any computer that makes access to files,
printing, communications, and other services available to
users of a network.
• Client: Any computer or software application that used
the services provided by the server.
• Peer: Any computer that may both request and provide
services.
1b. Understand IS components
Telecomm
(2 of 6)
Network
Services
• Definition
– Capabilities that networked computers share through the
multiple combinations of hardware and software.
• Types
– File Services: Used to store, retrieve, and move data files in an
efficient manner.
– Print Services: Used to control and manage users’ access to
network printers and fax equipment.
– Message Services: Include the storing, accessing, and
delivering of text, graphic, audio, and video data.
– Application Services: Run software for network clients and
enable computers to share processing power; processing is
distributed between the client and server.
1b. Understand IS components
Telecomm
(3 of 6)
Transmission
Media
• Definition
– The physical pathway to send data and information
between two or more entities on a network.
• Important Characteristics
– Bandwidth: Transmission capacity of a computer or
communications channel, measured in megabits per
second.
– Attenuation: Results when the power of an electric
signal weakens as it is sent over increasing distance.
1b. Understand IS components
Telecomm
(4 of 6)
Transmission Media
• Types
–
Cable Media: Physically link computers and other devices in a network.
• Twisted Pair Cable: Made of two or more pairs of insulated copper wires twisted
together.
• Coaxial Cable: Contains a solid inner copper conductor, surrounded by plastic
insulation and an outer braided copper or foil shield
• Fiber-Optic Cable: Made of a light-conducting glass or plastic core, surrounded by
more glass, called cladding, and a tough outer sheath.
–
Wireless Media: Transmit and receive electromagnetic signals.
• Infrared Line of Sight: Uses high=frequency light waves to transmit data on an
unobstructed path between nodes on a network.
• High-Frequency Radio: Radio waves that can be transmitted at rates of up to 11 Mbps
to network nodes from 12.2 to 40 kilometers apart.
• Microwave: High-frequency radio signal that is sent through the air using either
terrestrial or satellite systems.
– Terrestrial Microwave: Uses antennas that require an unobstructed path or lineof-sight between nodes.
– Satellite Microwave: Uses a relay station that transfers signal between antennas
located on earth and satellites orbiting the earth.
1b. Understand IS components
Telecomm
(5 of 6)
Network
Standards
• Media Access Control: Rules that govern how a given node or
workstation gains access to the network to send or receive
information.
– Distributed: Only a single workstation at a time has authorization to
transmit its data
– Random: Any workstation can transmit its data by checking whether the
medium is available.
• Network Topologies: Refers to the shape of a network.
– Star: All nodes are connected to a central hub through which all
messages pass.
– Ring: Each node is connected the next node.
– Bus: Nodes are connected in an open-ended line.
1b. Understand IS components
Telecomm
(6 of 6)
Network
Standards
• Protocols: Agreed-upon formats for transmitting data
between connected computers.
– The OSI Model: Divides computer-to-computer communications
into seven connected layers that represent a group of specific
tasks.
– Ethernet: A local area network protocol developed by Xerox in
1976. Requires installation of an Ethernet card.
– TCP/IP: The protocol of the Internet; it allows different
interconnected networks to communicate using the same
language.
• Connectivity Hardware: Connectors, network interface
cards, modems, repeaters, hubs, bridges, multiplexers,
routers, brouters, and gateways.
1b. Understand IS components
People
(1 of 1)
Builders
& Users
1b. Understand IS components
Data
(1 of 4)
Text
Bill Gates and Henry Ford Debate the Modern Technology!
The story goes that Bill Gates reportedly compared the computer industry with the auto industry and stated, "If the auto
industry had kept up with technology like the computer industry has, we would all be driving $25.00 cars that got 1,000 miles
to the gallon". In response to Bill's comments, Henry Ford replied “If Ford had developed technology like Microsoft, we
would all be driving cars with the following characteristics:
•
For no reason whatsoever, your car would crash twice a
day.
•
Every time they repainted the lines in the road, you would
have to buy a new car.
•
Occasionally your car would die on the freeway for no
reason. You would have to pull over to the side of the road,
close all of the windows, shut off the car, restart it, and
reopen the windows before you could continue. For some
reason you would simply accept this.
•
Occasionally, executing a maneuver such as a left turn
would cause your car to shut down and refuse to restart, in
which case you would have to reinstall the engine.
•
Macintosh would make a car that was powered by the sun,
was reliable, five times as fast, and twice as easy to drive but would run on only five percent of the roads.
•
The oil, water temperature, and alternator warning
lights would all be replaced by a single "This Car Has
Performed An Illegal Operation" warning light.
•
The airbag system would ask "Are you sure?" before
deploying.
•
Occasionally your car would lock you out and refuse
to let you in until you simultaneously lifted the door
handle, turned the key, and grabbed hold of the radio
antenna.
•
Every time a new car was introduced, car buyers
would have to learn how to drive all over again
because none of the controls would operate in the
same manner as the old car.
•
You'd have to press the "Start" button to turn the
engine off. “
1b. Understand IS components
Data
(2 of 4)
Graphics
1b. Understand IS components
Data
(3 of 4)
Clip 1
Clip 2
Clip 3
Audio