Transcript lecture2-dns

Domain Name System (DNS)
1
DNS: Domain Name System
Internet hosts:
–
–
IP address (32 bit) - used for addressing
datagrams
“name”, e.g., www.yahoo.com - used by humans
DNS: provides translation between host name
and IP address
–
–
2
distributed database implemented in hierarchy of
many name servers
Distributed for scalability & reliability
DNS Services


Hostname to IP address translation
Host aliasing
–


Mail server aliasing
Load distribution
–
3
Canonical and alias names
Replicated Web servers: set of IP addresses for
one canonical name
Names are valuable!
4
A New York Times article from August 22, 2000
Growth of DNS registrations
5
Names Hierarchy in DNS

hostname = “dot” separated concatenation of domain
names along path toward the root
–
–
6
–
unc.edu
cs.unc.edu
classroom.cs.unc.edu
DNS Infrastructure
root DNS server


Host at cis.poly.edu
wants IP address
for
gaia.cs.umass.edu
Infrastructure:
–
–
–
–
–
Client resolver
Local DNS server
Authoritative DNS
Server
Root DNS Server
Top-Level Domain
DNS Server
2
3
TLD DNS server
4
5
local DNS server
dns.poly.edu
1
8
7
6
authoritative DNS server
dns.cs.umass.edu
requesting host
cis.poly.edu
7
gaia.cs.umass.edu
Distributed, Hierarchical Database
Root DNS Servers
com DNS servers
ca DNS servers
TLD
edu DNS servers
Servers
usask.ca
poly.edu
umass.edu
yahoo.com amazon.com ucalgary.ca
DNS servers DNS servers DNS servers DNS servers DNS servers DNS servers

8
Root servers and TLD servers typically do not contain
hostname to IP mappings; they contain mappings for
locating authoritative servers.
DNS: Root name servers


contacted by local name server that can not
resolve name
root name server:
–
–
–
9
contacts authoritative name server if name mapping
not known
gets mapping
returns mapping to local name server
DNS: Root name servers
10
TLD and Authoritative Servers

Top-level domain (TLD) servers: responsible
for com, org, net, edu, etc, and all top-level
country domains uk, fr, ca, jp.
–
–

Authoritative DNS servers: organization’s DNS
servers, providing authoritative hostname to IP
mappings for organization’s servers (e.g., Web
and mail).
–
11
Network solutions maintains servers for com TLD
Educause for edu TLD
Can be maintained by organization or service
provider
TLD servers
12
Local Name Server

Each ISP (residential ISP, company,
university) has one.
–

When a host makes a DNS query, query is
sent to its local DNS server
–
–
13
Also called “default name server”
Acts as a proxy, forwards query into hierarchy.
Reduces lookup latency for commonly searched
hostnames
Recursive queries
root DNS server
recursive query:


puts burden of name
resolution on
contacted name
server
heavy load?
iterated query:


2
3
7
6
TLD DNS server
local DNS server
dns.poly.edu
contacted server
1
8
replies with name of
server to contact
“I don’t know this
name, but ask this requesting host
cis.poly.edu
server”
5
4
authoritative DNS server
dns.cs.umass.edu
gaia.cs.umass.edu
14
DNS: caching and updating records

once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches
mapping
– cache entries timeout (disappear) after some
time
– TLD servers typically cached in local name
servers


15
Thus root name servers not often visited
update/notify mechanisms under design by IETF
–
RFC 2136
–
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsind-charter.html
DNS records
DNS: distributed db storing resource records (RR)

Type=A
–
–
name is hostname
value is IP address

Type=CNAME
–
name is alias name for some
“canonical” (the real) name
www.ibm.com is really
servereast.backup2.ibm.com

Type=NS
–
–
16
–
value is canonical name
name is domain (e.g.
foo.com)
value is IP address of  Type=MX
– value is name of mailserver
authoritative name server
associated with name
for this domain
DNS protocol, messages
DNS protocol : query and reply messages, both with
same message format
msg header


17
identification: 16 bit # for
query, reply to query
uses same #
flags:
– query or reply
– recursion desired
– recursion available
– reply is authoritative
DNS protocol, messages
Name, type fields
for a query
RRs in reponse
to query
records for
authoritative servers
additional “helpful”
info that may be used
18
Inserting records into DNS


Example: just created startup “Network Utopia”
Register name networkuptopia.com at a registrar (e.g.,
Network Solutions)
–
–
Need to provide registrar with names and IP addresses of
your authoritative name server (primary and secondary)
Registrar inserts two RRs into the com TLD server:
(networkutopia.com, dns1.networkutopia.com, NS)
(dns1.networkutopia.com, 212.212.212.1, A)


19
Put in authoritative server Type A record for
www.networkuptopia.com and Type MX record for
networkutopia.com
How do people get the IP address of your Web site?
A Real DNS Answer
20
A Real DNS Answer (cont.)
21
A Real DNS Answer (cont.)
22
Example (cont.)
23
Another Example
24
Summary

F gets 270,000,000+ hits per
day
–


The Verisign TLD servers
answer 5,000,000,000
queries per day
Clearly the DNS would
collapse without:
–
–
–

25
Other servers have
comparable load
Hierarchy
Distributed processing
Caching
If DNS fails, Internet services
stop working!