Transcript Chap 14 Global Age Europe Africa Asia

Chapter 14
The Beginnings of Our Global Age:
Europe, Africa and Asia
Chapter 14, Section 1
The Search for Spices
Motivation for Exploration
 Chief
source of spices was the
Moluccas…an island chain in present day
Indonesia (once called “Spice Islands”)
 1400s  Italian and Arab merchants
controlled most trade between Asia and
Europe
 Several nations wanted to control these
lands for the use of spices

Curiosity to seek new lands also a factor
Portugal Sails East
 Prince
Henry led the way in sponsoring
exploration for Portugal
 His navigators discovered and claimed the
islands of Madeira and Azores

Two islands to west and SW of Portugal
 Portugal had expanded into
Muslim North Africa seizing the port of
Ceuta
 1415
Mapping the African Coast
 Prince
Henry wanted to control Africa for
many reasons:



He could convert Africans to Christianity
Find sources of riches the Muslims controlled
Hoped to find an easier way to reach Asia
 Henry dies and the conquest
continues
 1460

1488  Bartholomeu Dias rounded the
southern tip of Africa en route to Asia
Seeking India
 Vasco da Gama (Portugal)
followed Dias’ footsteps leading 4 ships
around the Cape of Good Hope
 1497

He had visions of going farther
 After
ten months at sea he reached the
spice port of Calicut (west coast of India)
 Da Gama sold spices at enormous profits
when he returned home

His voyages confirmed Portugal as a world
power
Columbus Sails West
 Portugal’s
success in the sea created
motivation for other sailors
 Christopher Columbus (Italy) wanted to
reach the East Indies (islands in SE Asia)
 Columbus knew the earth was a sphere
and had to sail west across the Atlantic

He believed a few weeks sailing west would
bring him to eastern Asia
Reaching Faraway Lands
 Portugal
refused to sponsor Columbus’
voyage
 He convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain to sponsor him
 They wanted to use this as a way to
strengthen Catholicism and bring wealth
and prestige to Spain

They expelled all Jews from Spain
Reaching Faraway Lands
3, 1492  Columbus begins sailing
west with three small ships…Nina, Pinta,
Santa Maria
 No land was spotted until Oct 12, 1492
 Columbus was convinced he reached the
Indies (called the people Indians)
 Returned home to a hero’s welcome
 Aug

Come to find out, he had discovered
previously unknown continents
Dividing the Globe
 Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to
claim the new found lands
 Pope Alexander VI created a Line of
Demarcation w/in Western Hemisphere
 1493

This gave Spain rights to lands west of the
line and Portugal rights to east
 Other
countries now wanted to prove
themselves against Spain and Portugal
Naming the Western Hemisphere
 Amerigo
Vespucci (Italy) wrote a journal of
his voyage to Brazil
 1507  cartographer from Germany used
Vespucci’s journal and created a map of
the Western Hemisphere
 He labeled “America” and eventually the
term “Americas” was given to the region

The lands Columbus had discovered became
known as West Indies
Search for Direct Route
20, 1519  Ferdinand Magellan
(native of Portugal) set out w/ 5 ships
(sponsored by King Charles of Spain)
 Nov, 1520  Magellan’s ships entered a
bay at the southern tip of South America
 Magellan found a passage that later
became known as the “Strait of Magellan”
 He renamed Balboa’s South Sea to the
“Pacific” meaning peaceful
 Sept
Direct Route
 After
the mission was accomplished the
crews wanted to return home
 Magellan did not…he made the decision to
move toward Philippines (took 4 months)
 March 1521  fleet reaches Philippines
where Magellan is killed

The survivors returned home to Spain in Sept.
1522 as the first people to circumnavigate
(sail around the world)
Chapter 14, Section 2
Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Portugal Gains Footholds
 Portugal
began setting up small forts to
collect food and water and repair ships


They wanted to trade directly with their
sources in Africa rather than using middlemen
They did establish trading posts to trade
muskets, tools and cloth for gold, ivory, hides
and slaves
 Portuguese
would attack African trading
cities like Mombasa and Malindi to get rid
of the Arabs
African Slave Trade
 slaves were viewed as the
most important good that was traded
 Portuguese traders joined this profitable
slave trade followed by many Europeans
 Europeans used slaves to perform labor
on their plantations
 1500-1600s

Some were used as household servants
the 1500s  Europeans were
encouraging a much broader slave trade
 During
Triangular Slave Trade
Slave Trade
 Slaves
would be traded for textiles,
metalwork, rum, tobacco, weapons and
gunpowder
 Over the next 300 years the slave trade
exploded into a large profitable business
 Every year, thousands of slaves would be
shipped across the Atlantic to work on
sugar, rice and tobacco plantations
Slave Trade
 Some African
leaders wanted to stop the
slave trading

But the supporters were just too strong
 Affonso
I (ruler of Kongo) was against the
slave trade…he had been tutored by the
Portuguese missionaries

He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity
 Affonso
asked his Portuguese friends to
help stop the slave trade (They did not)
New African States
 As
more and more slaves were traded
some kingdoms became very small
 However, other kingdoms emerged who
depended on the slave trade

These states would wage war on the smaller
African states
Kingdom  owned land in
present day Ghana under Osei Tutu
 Asante
Asante Kingdom
 Tutu
claimed his right to rule came from
heaven…he was trying to unify his
kingdom in order to fight off other states

The Asante eventually ran a monopoly on
gold mining and slave trade in Africa
 This
allowed them to build a wealthy and
powerful kingdom
European Presence Expands
 Several
European countries followed
Portugal’s idea of trading ports in Africa

The British, Dutch, and French all opened up
ports in Africa when Portuguese power
declined
 Dutch immigrants arrived in South
Africa and built Cape Town
 1652

Dutch farmers were the ones who settled
around Cape Town
European Presence
1600s  British and French both had
reached present day Senegal
 French est’d a fort around 1700
 1788  Britain est’d the African
Association…an organization that
sponsored explorers going to Africa
 This led to an explosion of European
exploration of Africa
 Mid
Review
All of the following were explorers except?
1)




A
B
C
D
Columbus
Magellan
Vespucci
Caesar
During the slave trade in Africa, slaves would
be traded for all of the following except?
2)




A
B
C
D
Rum
Tobacco
Salt
Metalwork
Chapter 14, Section 3
European Footholds in South and
Southeast Asia
Portugal Builds Empire
 After
Vasco da Gama’s voyage, the
Portuguese moved into the Indian Ocean
 During this time, the Mughal Dynasty was
controlling much of India
 Eventually, in Southern India, Portugal
was able to seize lands from local princes
 With this power, the Portuguese wanted to
take over the Indian Ocean
Portugal
 Trading



In 1510, Portugal turned the island of Goa
into its military and commercial base
Took over Malacca in 1511 from Muslims
Used these ports to trade and repair ships
 Limited


Outposts in Muslim lands
Impact
Lacked resources and faced resistance inland
Made harsh efforts to convert Muslims
• Fewer than a million actually converted
Rise of the Dutch
 Sea



Power
1599-Dutch fleet returns home after a year
Brought pepper, cloves, and other spices
This led to more exploration activity because
of their strong foothold in Cape Town
 Powerful



Dutch Company
1602-Dutch East India Co. is formed
Had tremendous power
Explorations were tightly controlled by gov’t
Dutch Dominance
– Dutch capture Malacca from
Portugal
 1641


Then they opened up trade with China
This allowed them to open a monopoly in the
spice islands
 Used
military force to achieve its goals
 1700s - the Dutch power declined due to
growing power of England and France
Spain Seizes Philippines
 Magellan claimed the archipelago
of Philippines for Spain
 1521


Within 50 years Spain had captured and
colonized the islands
Spanish priests would try to convert these
people to Christianity
 Spain
now could trade between lands in
Mexico and China

Silver from Mexico used to buy goods in
China
Mughal India & European Traders
 Valuable



Mughal India was a center for spice trading
Leading exporter of textiles (silk and cotton)
Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch, English,
French) eventually gained trading rights here
 Great


Trade
Empire Shatters
Eventual civil wars drained the resources here
Dutch, British and French all est’d Indian
Trading Companies
Chapter 14, Section 4
Encounters in East Asia
European Contact w/Ming China
 Europeans
wanted products from China
but had little to offer in return
 Ming eventually allowed a trading post for
the Portuguese, Dutch and English traders
 Trade had to be conducted under the
supervision of officials
 At the end of each trading season, the
Europeans had to sail away from China
Manchu Conquest
 Ming was growing weak and the
Manchus were able to break through the
Great Wall
 1644  Manchus took over Beijing
 Manchus then set up the Qing Dynasty
 1600s


They won support of scholars because they
adopted Confucianism
Manchus stationed troops across the empire
to ensure loyalty
Rejecting Contact w/ Europeans
 The
Qing used the Ming policy of
restricting foreign traders
 However, the Europeans wanted to
expand trade desperately
 1793  Lord Macartney arrived in China
from Britain on a diplomatic mission


He brought British made goods to show
Several misunderstandings took place during
the meeting
Problems with Britain
 Misunderstandings
included the following:
 Chinese thought the gifts were tribute
 Chinese asked Macartney to kowtow:
(touch head to the ground) to show
respect

He refused to kowtow
 He
also offended the Chinese by speaking
English
Korea is Invaded
& 1597  Japan invades Korea
 1598  Korea drives out Japan after
several negative impacts from Japan
 1592




Villages burned to the ground
Famine and disease become widespread
Population decreases
Later, in 1636, Manchus would invade Korea
and make Korea a tributary state (again)
Korea Choose Isolation
 After
multiple invasions, Korea decides to
choose a policy of isolation
 They excluded all foreigners except a
small number of Chinese and Japanese
officials
 During this time, Koreans went on several
tribute missions and brought back
discoveries dealing with science, arts and
literature
Foreign Traders in Japan
 Japan
welcomed Westerners unlike Korea
or China because of the advanced
weapons they brought to the Daimyos


These weapons helped the Tokugawa
centralize the government
The Japanese also welcomed the printing
press
 As
time went on, the Tokugawa grew
hostile toward the foreigners
Foreigners in Japan
 Tokugawa turned against
European traders
 Japan barred all European merchants
from entering the country
 1638


They also outlawed the building of large ships
to further their isolation (stayed this way for
200 years)
Internal trade, arts, and literature all flourished
Review
All of the following are reasons for Dutch dominance
regarding trade and exploration except?
1)




A
B
C
D
Opening trade with China
Capturing of Malacca from Portugal
Faster boats
Military force
During Korea’s isolation stage, how did the receive
advances within their society?
2)

A
B

C

Koreans looked to China
Koreans went on tribute missions to gain advances in
science, arts, etc.
Koreans went on the Internet