Transcript The Age of Exploration 2013 edition

The Age of Exploration
Unit 3
Did you know???
Leif
Eriksson was a Viking
from Scandinavia who
supposedly discovered
America around 1000 A.D.
Background info…
 We
are setting the stage for the Age of
Exploration…
Big Results of Black Death
 End
of Feudalism (even the important
people in the feudal states were victims of
the “fleas on rats”
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
 This
was the result of dispute over French
throne between kings of England and
France
 English armies attacked France
Fall of Constantinople
 Trade
changed because the Roman
Empire collapsed. Trade couldn’t happen
how it had always happened due to
religion conflicts (b/w Christians and
Muslims).
 Therefore, people wanted WATER
EXPLORATION FOR TRADE!!!
 (Remember also that the Fall of
Constantinople is also said to be the
“beginning” of the Renaissance)
Renaissance “rebirth”
Remember: humanism, Medici’s, Art, Printing
Press, Reformation (Martin Luther/ John Calvin),
Power shifts from the Pope/Church to the
Monarchies/Kings
So what else is going on at this
time??
 Let’s
look at England…
What about in England?

Henry Tudor is the victor at Bosworth
Field and reunited England after the
disastrous Wars of the Roses (a civil war in
England). He becomes Henry VII. His son
Henry VIII, desperate for an heir (a child to
take the throne), wants a divorce from
Catherine of Aragon. The Pope refuses to
allow him a divorce. Henry gets mad and
breaks away from the Catholic church,
reaping huge amounts of income ($$) from
the seizure (taking) of church property.
Remember this guy???
 We
mentioned him during the last unit.
Since he couldn’t get a divorce, he
decided to leave the Catholic Church and
started his own church.
 His church was the Church of England
(aka Anglican Church)
 He’s the guy who had 6 wives .
Song
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpbdcI5
HAYg&safe=active
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EGzHs
ye71c&list=PLC8ACBA72AB38CB21&ind
ex=18
EXPLORATION
 What
led to exploration???
 Absolute monarchs had authority and
resources
 Strong monarchs came to power in Spain,
Portugal, England, and France
 Established national laws, courts, taxes
and armies
 Sought ways to increase trade and make
countries stronger and wealthier (richer)
Exploration
 Marco
Polo of Venice
 Went with his dad and uncle to China and
to Japan
 He wrote “The Travels” and described
exotic lands and people, great riches and
splendid cities
 (His book was able to be read thanks to
the printing press)
Marco Polo
Exploration
 The
desire to learn more and the growth of
trade (spices and precious metals) were
both very large factors that inspired people
to want to explore new lands.
 Also, the Protestant Reformation had an
impact because people had religious zeal
and wanted to spread their religious
beliefs.
Exploration
 People
also wanted to explore so that they
could make lots of $$$$ and become
famous.
 The more land you had, the more powerful
your country was
 People
wanted to explore for 3 reasons:
“God, Gold and Glory”
Push and Pull Factors for English
Exploration
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•
Push:
In England, depression
(no land and no jobs)
Surplus population (or
at least in England,
they thought so)
Laws of Primogeniture
(oldest son inherits
everything, so younger
sons seeks out fortune
in New World)

Pull:
• Chance to make $$
(Sea Dogs: Sir
Francis Drake was
knighted for
plundering Spanish
ships)
• Adventure and Glory
• Chance to spread
Christianity
What made it easier for explorers?
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Improvements in technology and knowledge:
Detailed and accurate charts
Direction of ocean currents
Coastlines and distances between ports
Larger ships that could sail in any conditions,
lateen (triangular) sails and stern rudder enabled
ships to sail into the wind
Caravel: 3 masted Portuguese ship that was
faster and could carry more cargo and food
supplies; floated in shallow water.
Could engage in naval warfare (could carry
heavy cannon)
What made it easier for explorers?

Navigational
instruments improved:
 Compass: showed
what direction a ship
was moving and
location
 Astrolabe: measures
position of stars; used
sun or a star to
determine latitude
Exploration

Why do you think
 To get goods for less.
countries like Portugal
The Muslim traders
and Spain began
controlled all the trade
searching for sea
routes to Asia and the
routes to Asia instead
prices of goods along
of just trading
these routes.
overland?
Portugal

Portugal lacked a
Mediterranean port,
so it didn’t make a lot
of $$$. They had to
find a new route to
China and India.
 They also wanted a
more direct way to get
West African gold.
Portugal
 Prince
Henry the Navigator:
 Sought trade opportunities for Portugal
 Created school for navigators in Portugal;
brought astronomers, geographers, and
mathematicians to teach sailors and
shipbuilders
 This encouraged people to move south
along the west coast of Africa
 Founded the Azores and Canary Islands
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portugal
 As
the Portuguese moved south, they
traded and leased land from local rulers to
build stone forts along the coast. This
made it easier to trade gold, ivory and
slaves.
Portugal
 Bartholomew
Diaz was sent by the king to
explore southernmost part of Africa
 Storms pushed him round the Cape of
Good Hope (southern tip of Africa)
 He claimed the land for Portugal
 He was hoping to find a route to India
Portugal
 Vasco
de Gama continued Diaz’s journey
straight to India, using an Arab pilot who
knew the Indian Ocean well
 He brought ginger and cinnamon from
Calicut (India)
Exploration: Christopher Columbus
 Christopher
Columbus (Italian):
 Thought he could reach India by sailing
westward across Atlantic Ocean
 He persuaded Spain to finance an
exploratory expedition (King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella)
 They were competing with Portugal for
Asian trade; also hoped to form an alliance
with rulers of India and China against the
Muslims
Exploration: Christopher Columbus

He had 2 small ships: Nina and Pinta
 1 large ship: Santa Maria
 He “discovered” the New World by landing first
in the Bahamas (which he thought was India);
later explored Hispanola (Dominican Republic
and Haiti, which he thought was Japan), Cuba
(which he thought was China), Jamaica, coasts
of Central America and South America
 Wasn’t the first to land in the new world (Leif
Eriksson got lost on his way to Greenland and
landed in Newfoundland).
Fun Fact:
 Amerigo
Vespucci
discovered
America and noted
that it couldn’t be
Asia like
Christopher
Columbus had
thought.
Treaty of Tordesillas

Due to rivalry between Spain and Portugal, Pope
Alexander VI established a line of demarcation,
an imaginary line running down the middle of the
Atlantic from the North to South Pole.
 Eastern route to India reserved for the
Portuguese (since they discovered route to
Africa)
 Atlantic route reserved for Spanish (since they
discovered new world)
 Gave Spain the right to most of North and South
America
Treaty of Tordesillas
Ferdinand Magellan
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Spanish wanted to find sea route through or
around South America to Asia
Sailed through narrow, twisting sea passage
(Strait of Magellan) into Pacific, which he named
and means “peaceful.”
Took 4 months to cross the Pacific; he ran out of
food and ate sawdust, rats, and leather
Magellan was killed in local war in the
Philippines
Only 1 in 5 ships and 18 of 250 men completed
the journey.
1st to circumnavigate the globe
Ferdinand Magellan’s Voyage
Spanish Conquistadors: Spanish
Conquerors
 Had
right to explore and establish
settlements in American in exchange for
gold
 Came with firearms and determination
 Subjugated (enslaved) the “Indians” in the
Americas
Conquistadors: Hernan Cortes
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Landed on east coast of Mexico with 500
soldiers, some horses and cannons
Learned about Aztecs: forced conquered people
to pay tribute; used resentment of the people to
form alliances against the Aztecs
Montezuma welcomed Cortes and gave him
gifts, but Cortes took him prisoner
Cortes was driven out by the Aztecs, but he
returned with more troops and destroyed capital,
Tenochtitlan (1521)
Gained control of northern Mexico
Hernan Cortes
Conquistadors: Francisco Pizarro
 He
sailed down Pacific coast of South
America with 180 soldiers
 Inca Empire was very wealthy
 Captured ruler Atahualpa and killed him;
without leadership, they couldn’t fight
against him effectively
 He destroyed the Incas in Peru
Why did the Spanish
Conquistadors succeed???
 Weapons:
guns
and cannons
 Animals: horses
and ferocious dogs
 Help of Native
Americans
 Diseases:
SMALLPOX (see
handout)
Hernando de Soto

Wanted to explore Florida and lands to west in
search of gold
 Wandered around for 3 years; trashed villages;
took chiefs hostage; killed natives for no reason
 He died of fever after traveling to Oklahoma and
was buried in the Mississippi River to keep death
a secret from the natives
 Destroyer of peace…others that follow won’t
have such an easy time with the natives
because the natives learn not to trust the
outsiders!!!
Hernando de Soto
Juan Ponce de Leon
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Made first Spanish landing on the mainland of
North America; 1st Bahamas then Cape
Canaveral at Melbourne Beach
Looked for island of Bimini, gold and the
fountain of youth
Called it La Florida (the flowering land) because
pretty to look at; flat and even; and he arrived in
FL at the flowery time of Easter
Returned back for a 2nd trip, had run in with the
natives, took an arrow to the thigh and became
infected and died.
His exploration led to 1st Spanish settlement in
what is now the U.S.
Juan Ponce de Leon
So all this land is now “discovered,”
So what??
 Now
that these countries were living in
these new lands, they wanted to make lots
of $$ off of the new world’s resources.
 So they needed workers. They set up
plantations where lots of people worked on
a large estate.
 They certainly weren’t going to work on
the plantations, so who did they turn to?
Why African Slaves?
Economic Reasons:
1. Cheaper than indentured servants
2. Tons of them
Environmental Reasons:
1. Immunity to many diseases that the
Native Americans were dying from
2. Already tried the Natives, but too many
died
Why African Slaves?
Physical Reasons:
1. Could handle large quantities of hard labor
2. Sugar was very labor intensive
“Moral” Reasons:
1. Didn’t want to use anyone white, no matter
their status
2. Africans were inferior because they were
“different”
Impacts of Exploration
 Slavery
began in the new world (it already
existed in Africa)
 Native American civilizations were
destroyed from forced labor, starvation
and disease
 Native Americans had no resistance to
European diseases like smallpox,
influenza, measles, and typhus
 30-40% died
Impacts of Exploration
 In
Haiti: 300 out of 100,000 survived
 Mexico: 25 million dropped to 3 million
 Other
impacts:
 Spread of Catholicism (set up parishes,
schools and hospitals)
Impact of Exploration
 Columbian
Exchange: the exchange of
goods (plants, animals, and diseases)
between the old and new worlds
 FROM Americas: gold, silver, sugar, dyes,
cotton, vanilla, hides from livestock,
potatoes, coffee, corn, tomato, beans,
squash, chocolate, and tobacco
 FROM East: horses, cattle, pigs, chickens,
spices, jewels, silk, carpets, ivory, leather
and perfumes
Impacts of Exploration
 Changing
ecosystems: bringing over
cattle~overrunning the joint
 Changing
nutrition: bring over fruits and
such~changes the normal diet; more
nutritious and varied
Impacts of Exploration:
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Deepened European rivalries between nations:
1. Religious rivalries brought over to America
(Spanish and French Catholics; Dutch and
English Protestants)
2. Economic rivalry:
Mercantilism: a nations’ power based on its $$$
Rulers competed to increase their nation’s total
wealth by getting gold and silver
Led to competition for overseas territories that
could provide valuable resources, such as gold
and silver or raw materials
So who was the most powerful
country?
 Portugal
led the way early on, but was too
small to maintain all colonies, so Spain
moved in and took control of Philippines
 Treaty of Tordesillas did not allow claims
by other nations, but England, France and
the Netherlands ignored this Treaty.
English and Dutch
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They both move into India and create the Dutch
East India Company
Dutch move into New Netherlands
Henry Hudson looked for sea route and
discovered Hudson River
Sailed up river to Albany
Discovered Hudson Bay (thought it was Pacific)
Crew rebelled and Hudson, his son and a few
sailors sailed adrift in a small boat and were
never seen again.
Henry Hudson
English and Dutch

English created
colonial empire in
North America
 John Cabot: Italian
man
 He was looking for
northern route to Asia
 He sailed for England;
explored the eastern
coast of North
America
French
 Jacques
Cartier sailed up St. Lawrence
River and named a peak Mont-Royal—
today called Montreal
 The French viewed North America as an
opportunity for fishing and fur trade (rather
than a place to settle
 Samuel de Champlain established a
settlement in Quebec to trade fur with the
Natives
 Canada became a colony
Jacques Cartier
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Samuel de Champlain