Transcript - Martin`s Mill ISD

The First Global Age:
Europe and Asia
The Search For Spices
Europeans Explore the Seas
 Europeans traded with Asia
long before the Renaissance
but declined with the end of
Mongol rule and the Black
Death
 The Moluccas, or Spice
Islands, were the chief source
of spices
 Common items for trade
 Nutmeg
 Cinnamon
 Cloves
 pepper
Europeans Explore the Seas
 Motives
 1400’s – merchants had to go
through Muslim traders to get goods
 Europeans wanted to gain direct
access to riches of Asia so they sough
a route that bypassed the
Mediterranean
 Some still had the desire to crusade
against the Muslims
 Some just wanted to learn about
other lands
 Improved Technology
 Cartographers –
 Astrolabe –
 Caravel -
Portugal Sails Eastward
- Led the way in exploration; expanded into North Africa and
seized Ceuta
 Mapping the African Coast
 Henry the Navigator – hoped to expand Christianity and find the
source of African gold
 Gathered all the experts in different fields for exploration and
explored the western coast of Africa; Henry died in 1460
 1488 – Bartholomeau Dias rounded southern tip of Africa and
opened new sea route to Asia; Cape of Good Hope
 On to India
 1497 – Vasco de Gama reached Calicut on west coast of India; the
trip suffered many causalities from hunger, thirst, and scurvy –
 Survivors received a profit of 3000% when they returned to Europe
 De Gama forged a friendship treaty with the ruler of Calicut and set
up a massive trading empire around the Indian Ocean for Portugal
Columbus Sails West
- Wanted to reach the Indies by sailing west across the
Atlantic
- Greatly underestimated the size of the Earth; had no idea
continents lay in his path
 Voyages of Columbus
 Portugal turned him down
 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain financed his trip; they
wanted new sources of wealth and spread Christianity to Asia
 1492 – left Spain with Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria


Sailed for 2 months until they found land, the Caribbean islands
Called the people Indians because he thought he had reached the
Indies
 Returned to Spain as a hero; returned 3 more times before
people realized he had discovered new continents
Columbus Sails West
Columbus Sails West
 Line of Demarcation –
 Spain and Portugal both
claimed the newly discovered
lands
 Pope Alexander came up with
the Line of Demarcation to
settle it
 Anything west of the line
belonged to Spain, anything east
belonged to Portugal; Cabral
claimed Brazil for Portugal
 Naming the “New World”
 1507 – a German cartographer
read reports about the “New
World” written by an Italian,
Amerigo Vaspucci
 Labeled the region, America; the
islands explored by Columbus
became known as the West
Indies
The Search Continues
- 1513: Vasco Nunez de Balboa, crossed Panama and was the
first to see the Pacific Ocean; called it the South Sea
 Perils at Sea
 Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with 5 ships to find
route to the Pacific; had to battle heat, storms, and mutiny
 Carefully explored each bay along coast of South America
looking for a route to Pacific
 Found one at the southern tip and became known as the
Strait of Magellan; he renamed the South Sea the Pacific, or
peaceful, Ocean
The Search Continues
 Circumnavigating the Globe
 Sailors wanted to return home the way they came but Magellan
thought they were close to the East Indies
 Sailed for 4 months until they reached the Philippines where
Magellan was killed by natives
 Only one ship made it back to Spain and became the first people to
circumnavigate the globe
 Search for a Northwest Passage
 1497 – Henry VII of England sent John Cabot to find a more
northern route than Columbus; found fishing grounds at
Newfoundland in the name of England
 French sent Jacques Cartier who explored the St. Lawrence River
 Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River for the Dutch
- None found a Northwest Passage
Diverse Traditions of SE Asia
Geography of SE Asia
 Mainland: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam,
Malaysia (land between China and India)
 Several peninsulas: 20,000 islands (Indonesia,
Singapore, Brunei, Phillipines)
 Location
 Mainland is seperated from Asia by mountains and river
valleys
 Islands were always a stopping point for traders traveling
between India and China
Geography of SE Asia
 Trade Routes in the Southern Seas
 Monsoons shaped trading patterns in “southern seas”;
northeast in summer, southwest in winter
 Key products were spices
 Early Traditions
 Have found jewelry and jars 5000 years old
 Followed own religious and cultural patterns that were
built around nuclear families
 Matrilineal -
Impact of India
 Increasing Contacts
 Through trade and immigrants coming to India to learn,
Indian beliefs increased and peaked between 500-1000
AD
 Islam
 By the 1200’s, Islam ruled N India and spread to
Indonesia and Phillipines
New Kingdoms and Empires
 Pagan
 Arose in fertile rice growing Irrawaddy Valley
 King Anawqarta united the region making it a Buddhist
region
 Stupas  The Khmer Empire
 Srivijaya
 Vietnam
 Padis -
European Footholds in SE Asia and India
Portugal’s Empire in the East
- Afonso Albequerque conquers the island of Goa and sets up military
and commercial base and turns Indian Ocean into a “Portuguese Lake”
 Trading Outposts
 Captured ports of Aden and Ormuz, which allowed access to the Persian
Gulf that empties into Indian Ocean
 In less than 50 years, Portugal set up military and merchant outposts along
E Africa, India, and SE Asia
 Controlled spice trade for most of the 1500’s
 Impact
 Portugal was not very strong militarily but did get permission to trade with
India and China
 Missionaries destroyed Hindu temples, attacked Muslims, introduced the
Inquisition; sank Muslim ships carrying pilgrims to Mecca
Rise of the Dutch
- First to challenge Portuguese domination
 Sea Power
 1599 – first fleet to return home with cargo from Asia; received 100%
profit and led to frenzy of overseas activity
 Used sea power to set up colonies and trading posts around the
world; built Cape Town settlement to resupply ships
 Dutch Dominance
 1602 – formed Dutch East India Company
 1641 – captured Malacca from Portugal and opened trade with
China; set up monopoly in Spice islands
 Used military force but did set up ties with local rulers; many
married Asian women
 Became very rich and built lavish houses in Amsterdam
 Declined with the rise of England and France in 1700’s
Spain Seizes the Philippines
 Magellan claimed the archipelago for Spain and within
50 years had conquered and renamed the island for
King Phillip II
 People were easy to conquer because they were not
united
 Became key link to Spain’s overseas trading empire;
used silver mined in Americas to trade with China
 Wanted to spread Christianity to Filipinos as well as
China and Japan
Mughal India and European
Traders
- India was not interested in Europe until the 1700’s
because of its own Golden Age
 Industry and Commerce
 World leader in textile manufacturing (silk, cotton),
handicrafts, and shipbuilding
 Was larger, richer, and more powerful than any empire
in Europe; no interest in trading
 Turmoil and Decline
 Years of civil war between Muslims and Hindus led to
decline
Mughal India and European
Traders
 British-French Rivalry
 Both set up its own East India Company’s and played
local rulers against each other; used sepoys –
 1756 – went to war which eventually led to other wars in
Asia and Americas
 Led by Robert Clive, Britain drove out French and
became sole rulers of East India Company and of India
Encounters in East Asia
European Trade with China
- Europeans thought of Chinese enthusiastically, Chinese looked upon
Europeans as barbarians
 Strict Limits on Trade
 Reached China by sea in 1514; had nothing of interest to Chinese in
exchange for silk and porcelain
 China wanted only gold and silver
 Ming dynasty finally allowed trade in Macao; could only trade
under supervision of the imperial officials (Zheng He)
 Scholars and Missionaries
 Matteo Ricci – Jesuit priest; learned to speak Chinese and adopted
their dress
 Chinese willing to learn about the arts and sciences but had little to
do with religion
The Manchu Conquest
- 1600’s pushed through the Great Wall and conquered
China making Beijing its capital
 Qing Rule – “pure”
 Barred marriages between Manchus and Chinese and
footbinding
 Followed Confucian system of government; govt stayed
in Chinese hands but loyalty was enforced by Manchus
 Kangxi – ruled 1661-1722; able administrator and
military leader; extended Chinese power into C Asia and
culture
 Qianlong – grandson of Kangxi; (1735-96) expanded
borders to rule largest area in nation’s history
The Manchu Conquest
 Prosperity
 New crops, potatoes and corn, boosted farm output; population
doubled between 1740-1800; trade increased (only within China)
 Response to Westerners
 Restricted foreign traders; 1793 – Lord Macartney came to China as
a diplomat and offered British products to show they were worthy
to trade with China
 Chinese emperor thought they were tributes and thought of them as
crude
 Macartney offended Chinese by not kneeling in front of emperor
and speaking of the English as superior; Qianlong wrote letter to
King George III rejecting trade requests
 Qianlong felt justified because why trade with someone when you
are already leader of the world’s greatest empire; would eventually
suffer because of lack of military technology
 Korea and Isolation
 Rejected trading because merchants were lowest in class system
 Conquered by Japan and Manchus
 Became known as “Hermit Kingdom”
 Japan and Foreign Traders
 At first welcomed foreign trades because of new weapons and castle
designs; also welcomed missionaries
 Tokugawa shoguns drove foreigners out (Catholic missionaries)
because people began to owe loyalty to pope rather than them;
persecuted thousands
 1638 – all western merchants banned and noone from Japan could
travel outward