Transcript File - World History

Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Foundations of Exploration
• Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe
• Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery
• Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration
Drive to Explore
• Search for wealth
• Europeans desired
expensive luxury
goods
• Flow of goods
controlled by Italian
merchants
• Charged high prices
for these rare goods
New Routes
Faith, Curiosity
• Hoped to find new,
faster routes to Asia
to gain trade foothold
• Wealth not only goal
• Some set out to find
fame, glory
• Hoped making great
discoveries would
bring honor to their
names
• Other explorers
hoped to spread their
faith into new lands
• Another motive—
simple curiosity
• Writings like Marco
Polo’s very popular in
Europe, intrigued
many with tales of
exotic lands, peoples
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Advances in Technology
• Whatever reasons for exploring, Europeans could not have made
voyages of discovery without certain key advances in technology
• Some advances made in Europe during Renaissance
• Others borrowed from people with whom Europeans had contact,
especially Chinese, Muslims
Navigation
• Sailors needed precise means to calculate location
• Compass brought to Europe from China, let know sailors know which
direction was north at any time
• Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation to
horizon
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Shipbuilding
Improvements
• Just as important as advances in navigation were advances in shipbuilding
• Europeans learned to build ships that rode lower in water than earlier ships
• Deep-draft ships could withstand heavier waves; also had larger cargo holds
Popular for Exploratory Voyages
• Caravel would also be equipped with weapons, including cannons
• Ships could face off against hostile ships at sea
• Maneuverability, defensive ability made caravel most popular for exploring
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Explorers from Portugal and Spain
As a result of their location facing the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal and
Spain were well suited to kicking off the Age of Exploration.
The Portuguese
• Portugal was first country to
launch large-scale voyages
of exploration
• Begun largely due to efforts of
Prince Henry, son of King John
I of Portugal
• Often called Henry the
Navigator, not himself explorer
Navigation Court
• Early 1400s, Henry
established court to which he
brought sailors, mapmakers,
astronomers, others
• Expeditions sent west to
islands in Atlantic, south to
explore western coast of Africa
• Portuguese settled Azores,
Madeira Islands, learned more
about Africa’s coast
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Exploration Attempts
Water Route to India
• Prince Henry’s ultimate goal—find water route around Africa to India
• Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned
• 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa
da Gama
• 1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African ports
• Learned Muslim merchants actively involved in trade
• Journey took more than 10 months, eventually reached Calicut in India
Lucrative Trade
• da Gama’s trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro Cabral
• Sailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as Brazil
• Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
The Spanish
Italian Sailor
Columbus’ First Voyage
• Spain also eager to seek out
new routes to riches of East
• 1492, Spanish rulers agreed to
pay for voyage by Italian sailor
Christopher Columbus
• Columbus believed he could
sail west from Spain, reach
China
• Correct in theory, but figures he
presented about earth’s size
wrong
• Also had no idea the Americas
lay across Atlantic
• Columbus reached island in
Caribbean after about two
months at sea
• Thought he had reached Asian
islands known as Indies; called
people living there Indians
• 1493, returned to Spain with
exotic items, including parrots,
jewels, gold, plants unknown in
Europe
• Spanish believed Columbus
found new route to Asia, hailed
him as hero
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Results of Voyages
Columbus—three more voyages to Americas
• Still believed he had reached Asia
• Error not realized until about 1502
– Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America,
concluded it was not Asia
– Mapmakers later named land America in his honor
• Knowing they had found new land, Spanish set out to
explore it
– 1513, Núñez de Balboa led expedition across Isthmus of
Panama
– After more than three weeks of travel, Balboa became first
European to see Pacific Ocean
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Ferdinand Magellan
After Balboa’s discovery, the Spanish realized they needed to cross
another ocean to reach Asia.
West Around World
Perilous Voyage
• What Spanish did not know
was how large ocean might be
• Journey long, difficult; some
men mutinied, rebelled
• Daring adventurer, Ferdinand
Magellan decided to sail west
around world
• Magellan killed in fight with
Philippine natives; his men
sailed on
• 1519, Magellan set out for
Spain with five ships, 250 men
• 1522, 18 survivors of original
fleet arrived back in Spain, first
to circumnavigate world
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Explorers from the Rest of Europe
• Spanish and Portuguese did not remain alone in their efforts.
• By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts
of the Americas.
• Dutch later joined in explorations.
The English
• 1497, first major English voyage of discovery
launched
• John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what is
now Canada
• Tried to repeat voyage; fleet vanished,
presumably sunk
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Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Henry Hudson
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England wanted to find shorter route to Asia than Magellan found
Sent Dutch-born sailor Henry Hudson
1607, Hudson set out to north
Hoped to find Northeast Passage around Europe
Found nothing but ice, returned to England
Later made two more voyages for English, one for Dutch
The French
• Also wanted to find passage to Asia
• Sent explorers to look for
Northwest Passage
• 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past
Newfoundland into St. Lawrence
River, claimed land as province of
New France, now Canada
The Dutch
• By 1600s Netherlands powerful
trading nation, hoped to find new
products, trading partners
• 1609, Henry Hudson set out to find
Northwest Passage
• Did not find passage, but did
explore river now named for him
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1
Note Taking Transparency 106
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Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1
Color Transparency 82: European Explorations For Spices,
About 1500
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Exploration and Expansion
The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 1
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Voyages of Discovery
Preview
• Starting Points Map: European Discovery
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Foundations of Exploration
• Explorers from Portugal and Spain
• Map: Explorers and Their Routes
• Explorers from the Rest of Europe
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
European Explorers in Africa
19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Portugal Gains Foothold
• Looking for a sea route to Asia
• Began by building forts to collect food,
water, and to repair their ships
– Not colonies yet…
• From West Africa the Portuguese sailed
around the continent
• Africans in the interior resisted exploration
• Portuguese did not leave a strong legacy
in Africa
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
The African Slave Trade Explodes
• In the 1500’s & 1600’s Europeans began to
view slaves as the most important item of
African trade
• Trade between Europe and Africa soon
became focused on slave trade.
– Africans wanted European goods and all the
Europeans wanted were slaves.
– Most slaves were captured in raids or were
prisoners of war. Some were criminals or
debtors.
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
The African Slave Trade Explodes
• Slaves were captured by Africans and sold
by African middlemen to Europeans.
• During the slave trade, Europeans did not
control African territories.
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
African Trade [15c-17c]
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
African Leaders Resist
Some African leaders tried to stop/slow down the
transatlantic slave trade
• Alfonso I
– Ruler of Kongo
– Educated by the Portuguese
– Wanted to modernize Kongo but in the end the slave
trade took over
• Almany (religious leader) of Futa Toro
– Forbid the movement of slaves through his land
– Slave traders eventually found a new route and the slave
trade continued
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
New African States Arise
The slave trade had major effects on African
states in the 1600’s & 1700’s.
--the loss of countless young women & men
led to many smaller states disappearing
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
The European Presence Expands
Following the Portuguese by the 1600’s several European
powers had established forts along the western coast of Africa
• Dutch
– Built Cape Town (1st permanent European settlement)
– Dutch farmers (Boers) settled around Cape Town
– Held elitist views & ousted, killed, and enslaved many Africans
• British
– Established the African Association, that sponsored exploration
– Searched for the source of the Nile River
• French
– Had forts in present day Senegal
– Gained
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire
• In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships
that reached the great spice port of Calicut
on the west coast of India.
• In 1502, he forced a treaty of friendship on
the ruler of Calicut.
• As a result, the Portuguese seized key
ports around the Indian Ocean to create a
vast trading empire.
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Portugal Builds and Eastern Empire
Rim of Trading Outposts
• Goa
– Island off the coast of India
– By 1510 Portugal make Goa its military and
commercial base
• Malacca
– Sea port in the East Indies
– Once controlled by Muslims
– In 1511 the Portuguese take control of the city and
massacre the cities Muslims
*The Portuguese had a limited cultural impact in the
region
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Rise of the Dutch
The Dutch were the 1st to challenge Portuguese
domination
• Building a Mighty Sea Power
– The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge
Portuguese domination in Asia
– By 1599 the Dutch had made the Netherlands a
leader of European commerce
– The Dutch set up colonies and trading posts around
the world (Cape Town)
• A Powerful Dutch Company
– In 1602, a group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed
the Dutch East India Company
– The company had the power of a sovereign nation,
and came to dominate the regions
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia: Section 3
Color Transparency 86: Jacob Mathieusen and His Wife
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Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Rise of the Dutch
• Asserting Dutch Dominance
– 1641: the Dutch capture Malacca from the
Portuguese & open trade with China
– Created a monopoly in the spice trade
– By the 1700’s the growing power of the
French and English contributed to the Decline
of the Dutch trading power in the west
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Spain Seizes the Phillippines
• While the Portuguese and Dutch set up
bases on the fringes of Asia
– Spain took over the Philippines.
• Within about 50 years, Spain had
conquered and colonized the islands.
• The Philippines became a key link in
Spain’s overseas trading empire
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Mughal India & European Traders
A CENTER OF VALUABLE TRADE
• Besides producing spices, India was the
world leader in textile manufacturing.
• It exported large quantities of silk and
cotton cloth.
• The Mughal empire was larger, richer, and
more powerful than any kingdom in
Europe.
• Several weak rulers held the throne in the
early 1700s.
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1
Mughal India & European Traders
A GREAT EMPIRE SHATTERS
• Corruption became widespread, and the central
government eventually collapsed.
• Both the English and French East India Companies
made alliances with local officials and independent
rajahs.
• By the mid-1700s, the British and the French had
become locked in a bitter struggle for global power.
• In 1756, war between Britain and France erupted in
Europe.
• The fighting soon spread, involving both nations’ lands in
Asia and the Americas.