Transcript Internet History - Department of Information Technology

From 60’s to now
Zhong Jinyun
De Smet Olivier
André Abel
The Story of Internet
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before the word ‘Internet’ is
invented.
The world’s 10,000 computers are
primitive, although they cost
hundreds of thousands of dollars.
They have only a few thousand
words of magnetic core memory, and
programming them is far from easy.
By 1992, when the timeline ends
the Internet has one million hosts
the ARPANET has ceased to exist
computers are nine orders of
magnitude faster
network bandwidth is twenty million
times greater.
The Story of Internet
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 How did the story of internet begin?
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Background
 In the 1950s and early 1960s, prior to the widespread
inter-networking that led to the Internet, most
communication networks were limited by their nature to
only allow communications between the stations on the
network.
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 The real story began in 1962.
It’s all about the war!
 There’s a name to be remembered----ARPA
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What’s ARPA?
 This agency is part of U.S.
Department of Defense, a
future-oriented funder of
‘high-risk, high-gain’
research, lays the
groundwork for what
becomes the ARPANET and,
much later, the Internet.
The Story of Internet
"In the Beginning, ARPA created
the ARPANET. And the ARPANET
was without form and void.
And darkness was upon the deep.
And the spirit of ARPA moved
upon the face of the network and
ARPA said, 'Let there be a
protocol,' and there was a protocol.
And ARPA saw that it was good.
And ARPA said, 'Let there be more
protocols,' and it was so. And
ARPA saw that it was good.
And ARPA sad, 'Let there be more
networks,' and it was so."
-- Danny Cohen
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Birth of ARPANet
The initiazalition
 1967: ARPA initiates planning of the ARPANet. Design
objectives of ARPANet included
 interconnecting different research computers
 sharing data between networks
 load sharing of processing power (where one mainframe
was busy, processing could be shifted to a different
mainframe with available capacity)
 communications between different research centers
(minor objective that became a major benefit and use).
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Birth of ARPANet
The factors that led to APRAnet
 packet-switching
By the late 1960s, computer scientists were experimenting
with non-linear "packet-switched" techniques to enable
computers to communicate with each other.29 Using this
method, computers disassemble information into variablesize pieces of data called "packets" and forward them
through a connecting medium to a recipient computer that
then reassembles them into their original form.
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Birth of ARPANet
The factors that led to APRAnet
 Distributed
Network
Designed
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Birth of ARPANet
The factors that led to APRAnet
 ASCII
A joint industry-government
committee develops ASCII
(American Standard Code for
Information Interchange), the
first universal standard for
computers. It permits machines
from different manufacturers to
exchange data.
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Birth of ARPANet
The first ARPANet and the first protocol
 In the fall of 1969, right after the summer
of love, ARPANet began with the
successful linking of four computers
known as Interface Message Processors
(IMPS).
 The next few years were spent
developing core protocols for ARPANet.
Steve Crocker, a graduate student at
UCLA, led what was called the Network
Working Group on the development of
"host protocols." Network Control
Protocol (NCP) was the first such
protocol.
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Birth of ARPANet
First email
 1971: Ray Tomlinson sends himself
an email between two computers in
his office.
 1972: The initial "hot" application,
electronic mail was introduced.
March: Ray Tomlinson wrote the basic
email message send and read software.
 July, Lawrence Roberts expanded its
utility by writing the first email utility
program to list, selectively read, file,
forward, and respond to messages.
 October: Roberts Kahn organized a
demonstration of the ARPANET at the
International Computer Communication
Conference (ICCC).

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Birth of ARPANet
Ethernet:
 Xerox's motivation for the computer
network was that they were also
building the world's first laser printer
and wanted all of the PARC's
computers to be able to print with this
printer.
 Robert Metcalfe had two challenges:
the network had to be fast enough to
drive the very fast new laser printer.
 Robert Metcalfe left Xerox in 1979 to
promote the use of personal
computers and local area networks
(LANs). He successfully convinced
Digital Equipment, Intel, and Xerox
Corporations to work together to
promote ethernet as a standard.
 Now an international computer
industry standard, ethernet is the
most widely installed LAN protocol.
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Birth of ARPANet
TCP/IP
 1973-1978: researchers led by
Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn
developed TCP/IP
(Transmission Control
Protocol and Internet
Protocol) which solved the
network connection
problems
 Vinton Cerf has been labeled
the "Father of the Internet“.
 TCP/IP became the core
protocol, it is what's used
today, and in 1983 replaced
NCP entirely.
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Birth of ARPANet
MITS Altair 8800
 1975, the MITS Altair 8800
is released, which was the
first personal computer.
 the first programming
language for the machine
was Microsoft's founding
product, Altair BASIC.
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Network Everywhere:
 Specific and closed to
the general public:
 MFENet by the Department of
Energy for its researchers in
Magnetic Fusion Energy
 SPAN for NASA Space
Physicists
 CSNET for the Computer
Science community
 BITNET, which linked academic
mainframe computers.
The Story of Internet
 Numerous local area
networks (LANs)
 due to Metcalfe's Ethernet
technology
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Network Everywhere:
DNS
 1983: At the University of Wisconsin, the name server
was developed
 1984: The first domain name server (DNS) was
introduced in.
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Bring on the Web
80's to early 90's
 60's HyperText idea developed in 80's by Tim Berners-
Lee (CERN searcher)
 Proposal from Berners-Lee to CERN board (89):
introduction to World Wide Web
 Berners-Lee's browser and editor program on a NeXT
machine, showing how to use HyperText to display
information
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Bring on the Web
80's to early 90's
 November 92 : WWW project has 26 servers.
 January 93 : Development of several browsers on
differents platforms (Unix, Mac) + around 50 HTTP
servers.
 September 93 : NCSA released working versions of Mosaic
browser for X, Windows and Mac.
 October 93 : around 200 HTTP servers running.
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Explosion
93 to now
 March 94 : creators of Mosaic browser founded
Netscape Communications.
 April 94 : 2 students at Stanford University started a guide to
keep track of their personal interests on the web : Yahoo !
 April 95 : Sun released Java Development Kit, a
programming language tailored for the web.
 Late 95 :Microsoft released browser Internet Explorer 1.0,
after their release of Windows 95 in August.
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Explosion
93 to now
 January 96 : 2 Ph.D. students at Stanford University
hypothesized a new search engine for browsers.
 September 97 : The
domain google.com was
registered.
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Explosion
93 to now
 Half 2008 : 571,937,778 of
internet hosts are
registered.
Global Internet Map
2007
1 node = 1 public server
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