Transcript Chapter 22

Chapter 22
Transoceanic Encounters and
Global Connections
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1
European Exploration

Resource-poor Portugal searched for fresh resources
 From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century they
ventured out onto Atlantic
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2
The Lure of Trade without Muslims

Maritime routes to Asia





Spices, silk, porcelain
Silk roads more dangerous since spread of
bubonic plague
Prices, profits increase
Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly
essential to diet of European wealthy classes
African gold, ivory, slaves
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
3
European Exploration
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
4
Missionary Efforts



New Testament urged Christians to spread the
faith throughout the world
Crusades and holy wars against Muslims in early
centuries
Reconquista of Spain inspired Iberian crusaders
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
5
Reconquista
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
6
The Technology of Exploration



Sternpost rudder and two types of sails enabled ships
to advance against wind
Navigational instruments
 Magnetic compass
 Astrolabe
Knowledge of winds and currents enabled Europeans
to travel reliably
 Trade winds north and south of the equator
 Regular monsoons in Indian Ocean basin
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
7
Portuguese Breakthroughs


Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460)
 Promoted exploration of west African coast
 Established fortified trading posts
 Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the
Indian Ocean, 1488
Vasco da Gama of Portugal
 Crossed Indian Ocean; reached India, 1497; brought
back huge profit
 Portuguese merchants built a trading post at Calicut,
1500
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
8
Prince Henry
Bartolomeu Dias
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
9
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)





Believed Earth was smaller
Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of
Canaries (actually 10,000 miles)
Proposed sailing to Asian markets by a western route
Sponsored by Catholic king of Spain; sailed to
Bahamas in 1492
Columbus's voyage enabled other mariners to link
east and west hemispheres.
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
10
Columbus
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
11
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
12
Hemispheric Links


Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia
But by early sixteenth century, several powers
follow


English, Spanish, French, Dutch
Realization of value of newly discovered
Americas
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
13
European Exploration in the Atlantic
Ocean, 1486-1498
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
14
Circumnavigation of the Globe

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by
Portuguese, sails in service of Spain




Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South
America
Crossed both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 1519-1522
One ship out of five completed the circumnavigation of the
world
Magellan died in conflict in a Philippine island on the way
home
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
15
Magellan
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
16
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
17
Exploration of the Pacific


Exploration of the Pacific took three centuries to complete
 Trade route between the Philippines and Mexico, by
Spanish merchants
 English mariners searched for a northwest passage from
Europe to Asia
Captain James Cook (1728-1779), British explorer
 Led three expeditions to the Pacific, the Arctic, Australia;
died in Hawaii
 By late eighteenth century, Europeans had reasonably
accurate geographical knowledge of the world
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
18
European Exploration, Cook’s Voyages in the
Pacific Ocean, 1519-1780, and Magellan’s Voyages
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
19
Establishment of Trading-Post
Empires

Portuguese first to set up trading posts
 Fifty by mid-sixteenth century between west and east
Africa
 Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge
duties
 Forced all merchant ships to purchase safeconduct passes
 Yet Arab traders continue to operate
 Portuguese control declines by end of 16th century
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
20
English and Dutch Trading Posts

English and Dutch established parallel trading posts
in Asian coasts
 English in India, the Dutch at Cape Town and
Indonesia
 Sailed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships
than Portuguese
 Created an efficient commercial organization--the
joint-stock company
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
21
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
22
The Trading Companies

Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese
 English East India Company, established 1600
 Dutch United East India Company (VOC),
established 1602
 Privately owned ships, government support
 Empowered with right to engage in trade, build
posts, even make war
 Exceptionally profitable
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
23
European Conquests in Southeast Asia


Spanish conquer Philippines, name them after
King Philip II
Manila becomes major port city



Influx of Chinese traders, highly resented by Spanish,
Filipinos
Significant missionary activity
Dutch concentrate on spice trade in Indonesia



Establish Batavia, trading post in Java
Policy: secure VOC monopoly over spice production
and trade
Less missionary activity
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
24
Dutch Settlement of Batavia
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
25
Russian Expansion in Asia



Russians take over Mongol khanates, sixteenth
century
Siberian expansions in sixteenth to seventeenth
century
 Criminals, prisoners of war exiled to Siberia
 Trading posts develop
Russian population expands dramatically
 In 1763: 420,000 Russians in Siberia, outnumber
indigenous peoples 2:1
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
26
Russian Convict Village in Siberia
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
27
Global competition and conflict



Dutch forces expelled most Portuguese merchants
from southeast Asia
Conflict between English and French merchants
over control of Indian cotton and tea
Competition in the Americas among English,
French, and Spanish forces
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
28
The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)





In Europe: British and Prussia against France, Austria,
and Russia
In India: fighting between British and French forces, each
with local allies
In the Caribbean: Spanish and French united to limit
British expansion
In North America: fights between British and French
forces
Outcome: British hegemony
 British gained control of India, Canada, Florida
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
29
Global Warfare
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
30
The Columbian Exchange

Biological exchanges between Old and New Worlds
 Columbian Exchange--global diffusion of plants,
food crops, animals, human populations, and
disease pathogens after Columbus's voyages
 Permanently altered the earth's environment
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
31
Epidemic Diseases and Population
Decline

Smallpox


No prior exposure to these diseases in western
hemisphere or Oceania


Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza
No inherited, acquired immunities
1519 smallpox in Aztec empire

Population declines 90% within 100 years (17 million
to 1.3 million)
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
32
Food Crops and Animals



Wheat, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens went
to Americas
American crops included maize, potatoes, beans,
tomatoes, peppers, peanuts
Growth of world population: from 425 million in
1500 to 900 million in 1800
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
33
World Population Growth, 1500-1800 C.E.
900
800
700
600
500
Millions
400
300
200
100
0
1500
1600
1700
1800
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
34
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
35
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
36
Migration of human populations



Enslaved Africans were largest group of migrants
from 1500 to 1800
Sizable migration from Europe to the Americas
Nineteenth century, European migration to South
Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
37
Atlantic Slave Trade
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
38
Origins of Global Trade

Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin


Manufactured goods from Europe and raw goods from
Americas
The Manila galleons


1565-1815, Spanish galleons dominate Pacific Ocean
trade
Asian luxury goods to Mexico, silver from Mexico to
China
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
39
Triangle Trade
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
40
Environmental Effects of Global
Trade

Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or
near-extinction


Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses
Relentless human exploitation of the natural
environment
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
41