Transcript Ch 11 - Telecommunications

Telecommunications as the
Delivery Wheel
CIS 5313
Spring 2003
What is Telecommunications?
• Telecommunications is the communication
of information by electronic means, usually
over some distance. A great deal of
telecommunications is digital data
transmission in which computers transmit
data from 1 location to another.
What Is Telecommunications?
(cont’d)
• A Critical Business Resource.
• An Increasing Number of Voice and Data
Products and Services.
Basic Components of a
Telecommunications System
• Computers
• Terminals
• Other input/output
devices
• Communications
channels
• Communications
processors
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modems
multiplexers
controllers
front-end processors
• Telecommunications
software
Examples of Telecommunications
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E-mail
Voice mail
Facsimile (fax) machines
Digital information systems
Teleconferencing
Videoconferencing
Dataconferencing
What is the significance of
Telecommunications?
• Telecommunications combines high speed
digital networks in a worldwide scope
which is accessible to the general public.
Telecommunications networks utilize
formal telecommunications standards to
physically interwork globally.
Three Significant Telecommunications
Examples (Trends?)
• Internet - network of networks
• Integrated Voice-Data Applications examples include voice mail, call detail reporting
• Groupware - Software that provides functions and services
that support the collaborative activities of work groups.
Benefits
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Cut Communications Time.
Improve Coordination.
Off-Load Clerical Costs.
Improve Data Input Accuracy and Reduce
Liability.
• Offer New Products or Services While Providing
Value.
• Gain Higher Company and/or Product Visibility.
• Reduce Direct Marketing Expense.
Implementation Factors
• Distance
• Utilization
• Range of Services
• Cost
• Security
• Installation
• Multiple Access
• Connectivity
, the Telecom King
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Shiva (1998) remote network access technologies
Level One (1999): communications hardware
Dialogic (1999): telephony hardware and software
Softcom (1999): semiconductors for network hardware
Net Boost (1999): solutions for networks
DSP Communications (1999): cellular technologies
Artisoft (1999): acquired right to Visual Voice telephone
product line
• Parity Software (1999): suite of telephony development
tools
“These merger strengthen Intel’s position as a key
supplier to the converging Internet and
telecommunications industry. Our goal is to make
Intel servers the foundation of e-business and
communications applications based on integrated
voice and data networks.”
Craig Barnett
Intel President
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Intel
IBM
Nokia
Toshiba
Ericsson
Lucent
Compaq
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Axis
Motorola
Qualcomm
3COMPalm
Dell
Puma Technologies
VLSI
Telecommunications Mission
• The mission of telecommunications is to provide
effective and efficient electronic movement of
ALL forms of information between various
combinations of people and business equipment.
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It must support business strategies and
accommodate growth and changes in the business
environment.
Telecommunications Modes
Example: Automated
Customer Service Systems
People
Example: Telephone
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Communications
People
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Example: Automated Stock
Quote Reminder
Machines
Machines
Example: Automated
Inventory Ordering Systems
Specific Telecommunication
Challenges
• Connectivity and Compatibility.
• Performance (Processors, Bandwidth,
Storage)
• Cost.
• Control.
• Ease of Use.
Determine a Profile of TC Users
• User connectivity needs vary or are consistent.
• Network access is continuous or on demand.
• Response time
• Information volumes vary from big to
insignificant.
• User work is individual or shared.
Determine a Profile of TC Users (Cont’d)
• Data Security Can Be an Issue.
• The Location of Use is a Single or Multiple
Locations.
• Technical Skills of Users Can Range From Low to
Very High.
Additional TC Considerations
• Application Specific Networks Need To Be
General Highways--As OPEN as possible
• Acceleration of Technology Change is
Accelerating the Frequency of Network Changes-Must be able to Adapt
• Networks Change by Evolution, Not Revolution-Large Investment; Unwillingness to Change a
System that Works
• Is a Hot New Technology Here to Stay?--Which to
Pick?
Additional TC Considerations
(Cont'd)
• Facility Wiring Continues To Be Important.
• The Carrier Service Landscape is Changing-Competitive
• Open Systems: Philosophy Versus Practical
Business Needs
• Business Needs Dictate Final Decisions.
Telecommunications Media
Conducted Media
Radiated Media
Electrical Conductors
Wires
Coaxial Cable
Radio Frequency
Broadcast
Microwave
Satellite
Light Conductors
Fiber Optics
Light Frequency
Infrared
Telecommunications Media
Selection Criteria
• Cost
• Security
• Speed or Capacity
• Distance
• (Bandwidth)
• Applications
• Availability
• Maintenance
• Expandability
• Error Rates
Data Management
• 1. Data Capture--How to Ecopy
• 2. Indexing and Defining the Data--How to
Organize
• 3. Compression/Storage--How to Store?
• 4. Access and Retrieval--How to Find Indexed
Info?
• 6. Transport--Capacity of Transmission Lines
• 7. Data Presentation--Paper or Monitor
Mapping Telecommunications
• Information Systems has become
enterprise-wide systems analysis
Mapping Telecommunications
• Measuring- Multi-vendor and MultiProduct Connectivity
• Information System ArchitectureEvolving ?
• Distributed Systems, Cooperative
Processing, and Client-Server
• Open System and Standards
Multi-Vendor and Multi-Product
Connectivity
• Cost-Effective Network Represents
Number of Challenges
• Incompatible Systems- The Single
Vendor Dilemma
• Affordability of Integration
IS Architecture
• A blueprint that depicts how future systems
will be designed and built. The various
systems components are explicitly defined
so that multiple people can build systems
around the same base line.
Information Systems Architecture
Evolving?
• IS becoming more like a manufacturing
process
• Effective enterprise is essential
• System architecture a direction no an end
point
Three System Alternatives
• Distributed systems: multiple processors
that share a network
• Cooperative processing: applications are
processed on multiple processors and this is
transparent to the user.
• Client-Server computing: A network shared
by multiple processors involving split
processing with specialized purposes.
Client Server Computing
“The Best of Both Worlds!”
• Better performance
• Good Modularity
(expand and contract)
• Shared Data
• Easier to use
• Applications
implemented faster
• Sense of Ownership
• More cost effective
Are Open Systems a Pipe
Dream?
It would be so nice if the vendors could
battle it out over CPU performance and
let us worry about which hot box to buy.
Mark Frutig
VP of Technologies and Development
First National Bank of Chicago
Open Systems and Standards
• Open Systems- will allow various software
applications to run on a wide range of computers
tied into multiple communication networks.
• Goals- open systems support the ability to- any
user, any workstation, any application, any system,
any network.
Open Systems Environment
3. Database
1. Operating
System
Other Services
Software
Applications
5. Software Development Tools
4. User
Interface
6. Systems
Management
Services
2. Communication
Services
Figure 11-4
Internet
• What is it?
• What do you do with it?
• Who owns, runs and controls it?
• How big is it?
• How did it become what it is?
• What will it be like in the future?
Internet
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A Network of Networks.
Growth Driven by E-Mail
A Surprising Architecture for Its Time!
Uses Standards Because they Work.
Relatively Easy to Link to It.
Will Become Commercialized.
Does this Suggest Privatization?
Internet
• 1969 First four nodes (UCLA, SRI, UCSB and Univ. of
Utah on ARPANET (DOD sponsor)
• 1971 Fifteen nodes.
• 1972 Thirty-seven nodes (all universities)
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Main traffic had become E-mail!
1973 First TCP draft as an international effort.
1977 Started using TCP/IP to link other networks.
1978 Finalized TCP/IP after four iterations.
1980 TCP/IP became preferred military protocol.
1984 National Science Foundation created NSFNet.
1985 marked start of growth in TCP/IP products.
1986 exponential growth of Internet began.
• 1989 ARPANET became a victim of its success.
• 1991 World Wide Web was developed at CERN.
• 1993 January - Mosaic released by NSCA (free!)
• 1993 December - New York Times Article and
demand for Mosaic exploded.
• 1993 December - Marc Andreessen left MSCA.
• 1994 April - Jim Clark founded Netscape and
hired Marc Andreessen and his pals.
• Issue - Mosaic versus Microsoft as the hypertext
standard?
Bell & Pipe
• Major Customers - Miller Brewing,
Disneyland and Frito Lay.
• Need for Vendors to place orders On-line
• Need to cut costs, reducing error and
decreasing paperwork
• Web site developed
Bell & Pipe
• Features included:
– 24 hour ordering
– Advanced catalog search capabilities
– E-mail shipping status notification and
confirmation
– Ability to track orders
Results
• Low Cost, pain free implementation and
maintenance
• Reduced paperwork and errors
• Increased efficiency
• Reduced operating costs
• Increased sales potential
• Improved customer management
Ernst & Young Report
• 1998 - 23 % of shoppers did at least 10% of
shopping online
• 1999 - 67% of shoppers expect to do at least
10% of shopping online
• 1998 - 4% of shoppers did more than 50%
of shopping online
• 1999 - 19% of shoppers expect to do more
than 50% of shopping online.
So who’s buying?
• 59% are women
• 58% are married
• 58% are age 30 to 49, 23% are over 50, and
19% are 18 to 29.
• 58% are from the middle income bracket,
earning $30,000 to $69,000.
A Telecommunications Perspective
Objective
Efficiency
Voice
Voice Message
Volumes
Data
Transmission
Volumes
Effectiveness
Voice
Applications
PCs and
App. Packages
Competitive
Advantage
Voice Applications
plus linkage
Systems
Linkage
Integrated Voice/Data Applications
Figure 11-5
Lotus Notes
• The most important software tool in the new
era of client-server computing.
• The second significant wave in desktop
computing.
• Enables people to collaborate with one
another and to share knowledge or expertise
unbounded by factors such as distance or
time-zone differences.
• Provides a democratization of information.
Groupware Elements Can Vary
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E-mail
Calendaring and Scheduling
Collaborative Document Handling
Group Decision Support
Conferencing
Audio/video/desktop Meetings
Group Application Development
Work Flow and Project Management
Groupware
• Can improve and positively transform
communication.
• Creates documents faster, easier and in better
quality.
• Opens new doors through better access to data.
• Enables better, faster decisions that can
transform the business.
• Enhances resource utilization.
• Results in a faster evolution of skills, expertise
and culture changes.
The Impact of Groupware
Cooperative work-group computing can be
a central part of a process of business
transactions at the level of the work group,
which can, if managed, achieve spectacular
benefits. To achieve such benefits,
business processes must be redesigned,
organizational change managed, and
benefits harvested.
Conclusion
• The telecommunications industry has
applications that are not merely attractive:
they are world altering. They create brand
new possibilities for people in their daily
lives. In the future, this industry will
definitely meet every challenge, founded on
principles of competition and relying on
free markets to an extent this without
precedent.
References
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dotcomadvisor.com
intel.com
Netsales.com
Bluetooth.com
Competitive Advantage through information
technology by Jack D. Callon