Transcript Notable Spanish Explorers

Standard 10:
European Exploration
Reasons for the Age of Exploration
Gold
– The desire for wealth was the main
reason for European exploration
• Wars fought were very expensive, so they needed to
find lots of gold, silver, and jewels to pay for them.
They thought Asia would have lots of it, so they
wanted to find it and bring it back
Reasons for the Age of Exploration
God
– Desire to spread Christianity
– Believed duty was to continue to
fight Muslims (bitterness left
over from the Crusades) and
seek to convert non-Christians
• “To serve God and His Majesty, to
give light to those who were in
darkness and to grow rich as all
men desire to do.” - Bartolomeu
Dias
Reasons for the Age of Exploration
Glory
– Wanted to bring fame to themselves and
their country
– Expand Knowledge
• They did not know much; most had never been
outside Europe. They thought there was only one
ocean. Many thought the world was flat; the
educated knew the world was round, but they did
not know how big it was.
Reasons for the Age of Exploration
Find a Sea Route to Asia
– Merchants & traders hoped to
profit from the trade of spices &
other luxury goods from Asia
• Silk road trade routes were
dangerous
• Sea was dangerous due to storms
and pirates, so spices were very
expensive
– Became more expensive due to
Turkish Empire cutting off trade
routes. Could not defeat Turks in
battle, so needed to find a way
around the Turkish Empire
• This meant finding a direct sea
route to Asia
Advances in Technology
Cartographers
– Map-makers
– Began to create maps that were more accurate
Advances in Technology
Astrolabe
– Device used to measure star position
• Different types were made, but a mariner’s astrolabe was used to
determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude
of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination
• To find the latitude of the ship at sea, the noon altitude of the Sun was
measured during the day or the altitude of a star of known declination
was measured when it was on the meridian (due north or south) at
night. The Sun's or star's declination for the date was looked up in an
almanac.
Advances in Technology
Improved magnetic compass
Advances in Technology
Improved ships
– Caravel
• Ships with three masts, more sails, more cargo
1405:
Zheng He launches the first of seven voyages of exploration.
Zheng He
– Chinese Muslim admiral of the fleets
– Most known for their remarkable size
• Distances traveled, fleet size, and ship measurements
– 40-300 ships sailed in each expedition, with crews
numbering over 27,000 on some voyages
• Included sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountants,
doctors, & religious leaders
– Purpose: Distributed gifts of silver & silk to show
Chinese superiority
• 16 countries sent tribute to Ming Court
• Chinese scholar-officials argued that the voyages wasted
valuable resources that could be used to fight barbarian attacks
from the north
– As such, after the last voyage in 1433, China withdrew into
isolation
Zheng He
Zheng He’s Treasure Ships
(as compared to a European flagship)
1419:
Prince Henry starts a navigation school.
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460)
– His school of navigation
• Mapmakers, instrument makers,
shipbuilders, scientists, & sea
captains perfected their trade here
– Portuguese led the way
• Ships sailed down western coast of
Africa
• Established trading ports along the
“Gold Coast”
– Also traded for ivory
• Eventually traded for African
captives to be used as slaves
1488:
Bartolomeu Dias rounds the southern tip of
Africa.
Explored SE coast of
Africa
Considered sailing to
India, but an exhausted
crew and low food
supplies forced him to
return home
1492:
Christopher Columbus reaches the Caribbean.
Goal of Expedition
– Find a shorter route to Asia
First European since the Vikings
to “discover” the new world
– Although, he originally thought he
had reached Asia, which is why he
called the natives “Indians,” because
he thought he was in the Indies – the
name stuck
Immediate Outcomes
– Increased tensions between Spain &
Portugal
Long-Term Outcomes
– Opened up the Americas to European
exploration
1494:
Spain & Portugal sign the Treaty of
Tordesillas.
As tension increased between Spain & Portugal
over lands, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to
keep the peace
– Drew the Line of Demarcation
• Imaginary dividing line drawn north to south through the
Atlantic Ocean
• All lands west belonged to Spain
• All lands east belonged to Portugal
– The Treaty was signed agreeing to the terms
• Resulted in the countries opening up an era of exploration and
colonization in earnest.
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1498:
Vasco de Gama reaches the port of Calicut on the
Indian Ocean.
Explored East Africa on
his way to India
Explorations led to the
discovery that there was a
direct sea route to Asia
– Now, keep in mind, it was a
long and treacherous journey,
but it avoided territory
controlled by the Ottoman
Turks
1521:
Ferdinand Magellan leads a Spanish expedition to
the Philippines.
1st person to lead an expedition
around the world
– Although, Magellan never actually
made it – he died in a war in the
Philippines
– Out of 250 crew and 5 ships that set
out on the journey, only 18 men and 1
ship made it back to Spain
– Magellan is given credit for naming
the Pacific Ocean (because of its calm
waters) and discovered the Strait of
Magellan on the southern tip of South
America
Notable Spanish Explorers
Amerigo Vespucci
– He was the first
European to recognize
that the new
continents discovered
by Columbus were
not part of Asia
(1502)
• As a result, North and
South America were
named for him
Notable Spanish Explorers
Juan Ponce de Leon
– He was the first
European to explore
Florida, searching
for the Fountain of
Youth (1513)
Notable Spanish Explorers
Vasco Núñez de
Balboa
– He was the first
European to see the
Pacific Ocean from
its western shore
(1513)
Notable Spanish Explorers
Hernando Cortez
– He was a Spanish Conquistador
who defeated and conquered the
Aztec Empire (1521)
• Spanish were able to defeat them
because:
– Superior weaponry
– Aid from some other groups of
natives
– European diseases killed many
Native Americans who had no
immunity to the diseases
Notable Spanish Explorers
Francisco Pizarro
– He conquered the Inca
Empire (1533)
• Created a large mestizo
population
• Imposed Spanish culture
• Exploited Native Americans as
laborers
Notable Spanish Explorers
Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado
– Discovered SW part of the
United States, including the
Grand Canyon (1540)
• Unique because mainly priests
explored and colonized much of the
region
Notable Spanish Explorers
Hernando De Soto
– He led the first
expedition across
the southeastern
United States
(1539-1542)
Notable English Explorers
Sir Francis Drake
– He helped defeat the
Spanish Armada,
and he was the first
Englishman to sail
around the world
Notable English Explorers
John Cabot
– He was the first
European since the
Vikings to explore the
mainland of North
America and the first
to search for the
Northwest Passage
Notable English Explorers
James Cook
– Circumnavigated the globe
twice
– First British ship commander
to circumnavigate the globe
in a lone ship
– First known European to
reach the Hawaiian Islands
– Explored area around
Australia and ventured south
toward Antarctica
Notable French Explorers
Rene-Robert de La
Salle
– He was the first
European to sail
down the
Mississippi River
from the Great
Lakes to the Gulf of
Mexico
Rene-Robert de La Salle
Notable French Explorers
Jacques Cartier
– He discovered the
St. Lawrence River
Notable French Explorers
Father Jacques
Marquette
– He was on the
expedition that led to
the discovery of the
Mississippi River
Notable French Explorers
Louis Jolliet
– He was the first
European to travel
down the
Mississippi River
from the Great
Lakes
Notable French Explorers
Samuel de
Champlain
– Established New
France in Quebec
European Settlements in North America
New France
– Reasons for
exploration:
• Find a sea route
to Asia
• Establish the fur
trade
European Settlements in North America
Jamestown
– Significance:
• England’s first permanent North American colony
European Settlements in North America
Plymouth &
Massachusetts
Bay colonies
– Reasons for
colonization:
• Pilgrims &
Puritans were
searching for
religious
freedom
European Settlements in North America
New Netherland
– Reasons for
colonization:
• Expanded fur trade
• Set up permanent
colonies
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1800)
Contributing Factors:
European colonization of the Americas
– At first, colonists forced Native Americans to
work their profitable mines & plantations
– As Native Americans began dying by the
millions, the colonists bought Africans to replace
Native American workers
• Experienced in farming
• Not familiar with the New World, so they could not
escape
• Skin color made it easier to catch them if they did
escape
Forced Journey
The voyage across the Atlantic was
dehumanizing, and deadly
Nearly 1/3 died between capture and sailing
Another 1/3 died in the crossing
Forced Journey
Many Africans jumped overboard to their
deaths rather than be enslaved.
Diseases ravaged the “passengers”
Cruel treatment ravaged more
Many Africans jumped overboard to their
deaths rather than be enslaved.
Forced Journey
The second part of the journey, from Africa
to the Americas was known as the Middle
Passage.
The ships were designed to hold about 400
slaves
Loose Pack and Tight Pack
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)
Contributing Factors:
Portuguese settlement of Brazil
– Demand for slaves grew massively as
Brazil’s sugar industry expanded
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)
Contributing Factors:
African rulers
– Some African rulers helped deliver
slaves to Europeans in exchange for
goods
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)
Contributing Factors:
African merchants
– They bought and sold slaves
– When some African rulers opposed the
slave trade, merchants developed new
trade routes
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)
Consequences:
African societies
– Population drain
– Introduction of guns that helped
spread war and devastation
The Slavers (cont.)
Crowded, unsanitary conditions
– Slaves ride on planks 66” x 15”
• only 20”– 25” of headroom
– Males chained together in pairs
– Kept apart from women and children
– High mortality rates
• 1/3 perish between capture and embarkation
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)
Consequences:
Enslaved Africans
– Separation from
families
– Harsh lives
– Eventual
development of rich
cultural heritage
I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation [greeting] in my nostrils as I never
experienced in my life; so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I
was not able to eat . . . but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of
them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across . . . the windlass, while the other flogged me severely.
- Olaudah Equiano
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)
Consequences:
American colonies
– Economic and cultural development
– Back-breaking labor and farming
expertise that helped many colonies
survive
The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)
Consequences:
Present-day American cultures
– Addition of Africans to population group
– Mixed-race populations
– Cultural additions
– Cultural blending
Triangular Trade
West Africa
In West Africa,
European items
were traded for
slaves --- most of
whom were war
captives.
Caribbean islands
or
North & South
America
Ships departed
from Europe with
manufactured goods
(e.g., knives, swords,
guns, cloth & rum).
Europe
Ships next sailed across the Atlantic to various Caribbean islands or to North &
South America where the slave ‘cargo’ was sold. Money derived from the sale
of slaves was used to buy sugar, molasses, cotton, and tobacco to be re-sold in
Europe.
The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade
Columbian Exchange - Definition:
– Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals
from Europe to the Americas
• Pigs, horses, sheep, and cows brought from Europe
to Americas
• Diseases were also brought, killing millions of
natives
• Led to changes in diets
– Corn and potatoes were taken from Americas
to Europe
The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade
Global Trade
– Causes:
• Establishment of colonial empires
• Expansion of overseas trade
• Increased wealth for many individuals and countries
– Effects:
• Rise of capitalism
– Economic system based on private ownership
• Rise of merchant class
• Growth of towns
The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade
Inflation
– Causes:
• Increased money supply
• Increased demand for goods
– Effects:
• Scarcity of goods
• Rising prices
The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade
Formation of Joint-Stock Companies
– Definition:
• Investors buy stock into a company and share the
profits or losses
– Causes:
• High cost of colonization
• Need to reduce potential losses
– Effects:
• Establishment of Jamestown and other colonies in
North America
The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade
Growth of Mercantilism
– Definition:
• Country’s power depends on its wealth
• Sell more than you buy (favorable balance of trade)
– Colonies helped countries achieve a favorable balance of
trade by providing raw materials; the mother country
would manufacture it into a product and sell for a profit
– Causes:
• Desire for power, wealth, and self-sufficiency
– Effects:
• Creation of colonial empires
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