Transcript The OSI Model

Chapter 4
IP Addressing :
Classful Addressing
Mi-Jung Choi
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
[email protected]
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4.1 Introduction
 For a host to communicate with any other host
Need a universal identification system
Need to name each host
 Internet address or IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely
defines a host or a router on the internet
 The IP addresses are unique in the sense that two devices can
never have the same address. However, a device can have more
one address.
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Notation
 Binary notation
01110101
10010101
00011101
11101010
32 bit address, or a 4 octet address or a 4-byte address
 Decimal point notation
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4.2 Classful Addressing
 Occupation of address space
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes: A, B, C, D,
and E.
Finding the class in binary notation
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Classful Addressing (cont’d)
 Finding the address class
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Classful Addressing (cont’d)
 Finding the class in decimal notation
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Netid and Hostid
 Each IP address is made of two parts; netid and hostid.
 Netid defines a network; hostid identifies a host on that network.
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Netid and Hostid (cont’d)
 IP addresses are divided into five different classes: A, B, C, D, and E
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Classes and Blocks
 Blocks in class A
Class A is divided into 128 blocks with each block having a different netid.
Millions of class A
addresses are wasted.
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Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
 Class B is divided into 16,384 blocks with each block having a different
netid
Many class B addresses
are wasted.
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Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
 Class C is divided into 2,097,152 blocks with each block having a different
netid.
The number of addresses in
a class C block
is smaller than
the needs of most
organizations
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Classes and Blocks (cont’d)
 Class D addresses are used for multicasting;
there is only one block in this class.
 Class E addresses are reserved for special purposes;
most of the block is wasted.
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Network Address
 The network address is the first address.
 The network address defines the network to the rest of the Internet.
 Given the network address, we can find the class of the address,
the block, and the range of the addresses in the block
 In classful addressing, the network address
(the first address in the block) is the one that is assigned to the
organization.
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Mask
 A mask is a 32-bit binary number that gives the first address in the block
(the network address) when bitwise ANDed with an address in the block.
 Masking concept
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Mask (cont’d)
 AND Operation
 The network address is the beginning address of each block. It can be
found by applying the default mask to any of the addresses in the block
(including itself). It retains the netid of the block and sets the hostid to
zero. (refer table 4.2)
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Special Addresses
 Some parts of the address space in class A, B, C for special addresses
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Special Addresses
 Network address : an address with the hostid all set to 0s
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Special Addresses (cont’d)
 Direct Broadcast Address : Used by a router to send a packet to all hosts
in a specific network
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Special Addresses (cont’d)
 Limited Broadcast Address : all 1s for the netid and hostid (32bits)
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Special Addresses (cont’d)
 This Host on This Network : used by a host at bootstrap time when it does
not know its IP address
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Special Addresses (cont’d)
 Specific Host on This Network : used by a host to send a message to
another on the same network
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Special Addresses (cont’d)
 Loopback Address :
IP address of the first byte : 127
Used to test the software on a machine
Used by a client process to send a message to a server process on the same machine
“Ping”
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Private Addresses
 A number of blocks in each class are assigned for private use.
They are not recognized globally.
Class
Netid
Total
Class A
10.0.0
1
Class B
172.16 to 172.31
16
Class C
192.68.0 to 192.68.255
256
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Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses
 Unicast communication is one-to-one.
 Multicast communication is one-to-many.
 Broadcast communication is one-to-all.
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Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses (cont’d)
 Assigned Multicast addresses : starting with a 224.0.0 prefix
http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses
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Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses (cont’d)
 Unicast Addresses : one-to-one
 Multicast addresses : one-to-many; class D address
Used as a destination address
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Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses (cont’d)
 Multicast address for conferencing : starting with a 224.0.1 prefix
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Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses (cont’d)
 Broadcast addresses : one-to-all
Allowed only at the local level

Limited broadcast address (all 1s)

Direct broadcast address (netid: specific, hostid: all 0s)
No broadcasting is allowed at the global level
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A Sample Internet with Classful Address
 Token Ring LAN (Class C), Ethernet LAN (Class B), Ethernet LAN (Class A), Point-topoint WAN, A Switched WAN
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4.4 Subnetting and Supernetting
 Subnetting
A network is divided into several smaller networks with each
subnetwork (or subnet) having its subnetwork address
 Supernetting
Combining several class C addresses to create a larger range of
addresses
 IP Addresses are designed with two levels of hierarchy
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Subnetting
 Classes A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two levels of hierarchy (not
subnetted)
Netid and Hostid
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Subnetting (cont’d)
 Further division of a network into smaller networks called subnetworks
 R1 differentiating subnets
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Subnetting (cont’d)
 Three levels of hierarchy : netid, subnetid, and hostid
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Subnetting (cont’d)
 Three steps of the routing for an IP datagram
Delivery to the site, delivery to the subnetwork, and delivery to the
host
 Hierarchy concept in a telephone number
031
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Subnet Mask
 A process that extracts the address of the physical network (network/subnetwork
portion) from an IP address
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Finding the Subnet Mask Address
 Given an IP address, we can find the subnet address the same
way we found the network address in the previous chapter. We
apply the mask to the address.
we use binary notation for both the address and the mask and then apply
the AND operation to find the subnet address.
 Example 15
What is the subnetwork address if the destination address is
200.45.34.56 and the subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?
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Finding the Subnet Mask Address (cont’d)
 Solution
11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000
The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.
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Comparison of a default mask and a subnet mask

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Supernetting
 A block of class x addresses
 For example,
An organization that needs 1,000 addresses can be granted four class
C addresses
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Supernetting (cont’d)
 4 class C addresses combine to make one supernetwork
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Supernet Mask
 In subnetting, we need the first address of the subnet and the
subnet mask to define the range of addresses.
 In supernetting, we need the first address of the supernet and the
supernet mask to define the range of addresses.
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Supernet Mask (cont’d)
 Comparison of subnet, default, and supernet masks
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