Transcript Introduction - Jigar Pandya

Questions
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1. What is Full form Of TCP/IP
2. Which are the layers in TCP/IP Model ?
3. Task of Application Layer
4. Task Of Host – to – Network Layer
5. Task of Internet layer
6. Host to network is combination of which layers ?
7. task of transport layer
8. Protocol in Application layer
9. Protocol in transport layer
10. What is TCP ?
11. What is UDP ?
12. Which one is connection oriented & Connection Less?
13. Example of TCP , Example Of UDP
14. Protocol in internet layer?
15. Which are designing issues in Layers?
16. Difference Between TCP/IP & OSI
Network Examples
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The ARPANET
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 Developed By ARPA in 1968.
 Designed To service nuclear Attack.
 Before ARPANET only Telephone Networks were there.
 Before ARPANET the network works on circuit switching principle.
 It was vulnerable because failure in one switch will fail whole
Conversion.
 ARPANET use concept of PACKET SWITCHING ,contains subnets
and Hosts.
 Host will send Message to subnet and subnet will divide the
message in packets and Forward it.
 Each Packet was stored Before it was forwarded.
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The ARPANET
 (a) Structure of the telephone system.
 (b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.
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The ARPANET (2)
 The original ARPANET design.
 IMP : interface Message Processor
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The Internet
Not A specific network but collection of
networks.
Not planned and controlled by anyone.
Possible Because of TCP/IP Model.
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Internet Services
Traditional applications (1970 –
1990)
• E-mail
• News
• Remote login
• File transfer
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Internet
Internet address
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 To identify each computer on the net it
requires a proper addressing scheme.
 For identification each system will have
 Name ( Domain Name)
 Address ( IP Address)
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IP Address
 Each computer on the internet is identify by unique IP
Address.
 It is made of four number each of 256 bits.
 Each will have value from 1 to 255
 Example : 202.65.10.155
 The numbers between . Are called OCTETS
 Leftmost octet represent Largest Network.
 Right most octet represent a particular machine.
Questions
11
1. What is ARPANET ?
2. Two main parts in ARPANET ?
3. Task of host ?
4. Task of subnet ?
5. Which are two types of switching ?
6. What is circuit switching ?
7. What is packet switching ?
8. Define
9. Internet Services ?
10. IP address is Of how many bits ?
11. Name for the numbers in IP address ?
12. Range of OCTET ?
13. Left Most Octet Represent ?
14. Right Most Octet Represent ?
Domain Name Addressing
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 A small Network Having many computers is called Domain.
 It may also represent the behaviour of the Network or the
location of the network.
Domain Name
Description
.com
Company or Commercial
.edu
Educational
.gov
Government
.mil
Military site
.net
Internet service provide or network resource
Domain Name
Description
.au
Australia
.in
India
.uk
United kingdom
.ca
canada
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Wireless LAN
 Uses wireless transmission media.
 Less popular because of high price , low data rate.
 The typical Coverage area is 300 to 1000 feet.
 Must provide security.
 The MAC(Medium Access Control) addressing should
permit
dynamic
and
addition,deletion,relocation of end system.
automated
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Application of wireless LAN
 LAN EXTENSION :
 WLAN saves the cost of installation of LAN cabling and
eases the task of relocation and modification.
 Cross Building interconnect :
 To connect two LAN in different building , it may be
wired or wireless.
 Ad hoc Networking :
 Is a peer to peer connection for temporarily purpose.
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Wireless LANs
 (a) Wireless networking with a base station.
 (b) Ad hoc networking.
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Types of WLAN
 It Depends Upon Transmission technique
Used.
 Infrared(IR) LAN : Limited To Single Room
 Spread Spectrum LAN : Spread Spectrum
Transmission.
 Narrow
Band
Frequency .
Microwave
:
Microwave
Types of WLAN
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 IEEE 802.11X
 802.11
refers
to
a
family
of
specification
developed by IEEE(Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers)
 802.11 :
 Provide 1 Mbps or 2 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz
Band
 802.11a :
 Provide 5 Mbps transmission in 5 GHz Band
 802.11b (wifi) :
 Provide 11 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz Band
 802.11g :
 Provide 20 Mbps transmission in 2.4 GHz Band
Frame Relay
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
Frame Relay (FR) is a high-performance WAN
protocol that operates at the physical and data link
layers of the OSI reference model.

FR originally was designed for use across Integrated
Service Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces.

Today, it is used over a variety of other network
interfaces as well.

FR is an example of a packet-switched technology.
Frame Relay Devices
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 Devices attached to a Frame Relay WAN fall
into the following two general categories:
 Data terminal equipment (DTE)
DTEs generally are considered to be terminating
equipment for a specific network and typically are
located on the premises of a customer.
Example of DTE devices are terminals, personal
computers, routers, and bridges.
 Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)
DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices.
The purpose of DCE equipment is to provide clocking
and switching services in a network, which are the
devices that actually transmit data through the WAN.
Frame Relay Devices
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Packet-Switching Networks
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 Basic technology the same as in the 1970s
 One of the few effective technologies for
long distance data communications
 Advantages:
Flexibility, resource sharing, robust,
responsive
 Disadvantages:
Time delays in distributed networks
Need for routing and congestion control
Definition of Packet Switching
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 Refers to protocols in which messages are divided into packets
before they are sent. Each packet is then transmitted
individually and can even follow different routes to its
destination. Once all the packets forming a message arrive at
the destination, they are recompiled into the original message.
 Most modern Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols, including
TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay, are based on packet-switching
technologies.
Circuit Switching
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 In contrast, normal telephone service is based on a circuitswitching technology, in which a dedicated line is allocated for
transmission between two parties.
 Circuit-switching is ideal when data must be transmitted quickly
and must arrive in the same order in which it's sent. This is the
case with most real-time data, such as live audio and video.
Packet switching is more efficient and robust for data that can
withstand some delays in transmission, such as e-mail
messages and Web pages.
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The Use of Packets
NDSL, Chang Gung University
Packet Switching: Datagram Approach
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Advantages with compared to
Circuit-Switching
 Greater line efficiency (many packets can go over
shared link)
 Non-blocking under heavy traffic (but increased
delays). When traffic becomes heavy on a circuitswitching network, some calls are blocked.
 Priorities can be used.
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Disadvantages relative to
Circuit-Switching
 Packets Add additional delay with every node
they pass through
 Jitter: variation in packet delay
 Data overhead in every packet for routing
information, etc
 Processing overhead for every packet at every
node traversed
Simple Switching Network
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NDSL, Chang Gung University
Switching Technique
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Large messages broken up into smaller
packets
Datagram
Each packet sent independently of the others
No call setup
More reliable (can route around failed nodes
or congestion)
Virtual circuit
Fixed route established before any packets
sent
No need for routing decision for each packet
at each node
Packet Switching: Virtual-Circuit Approach
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NDSL, Chang Gung University