Transcript Henry as “The Navigator”

The Age of Exploration
It all began with “Prince Henry the Navigator.”
What About
Henry?
• Born in 4 March 1394 in
Porto, Kingdom of Portugal
• 3rd son of John I of Portugal
and Philippa of Lancaster
• Died 13 November 1460
• Place of death-Sagres,
Kingdom of the Algarve
Henry as “The Navigator”
• Henry never journeyed the sea
• Henry organized expeditions
of sailors to explore the western
coast of Africa.
• In 1416, Henry founded the
School of Navigation in Sagres,
at the southwestern tip
of Portugal.
Henry as “The Navigator”
Continued
• Astronomers, geographers,
and mathematicians study
and teach new methods of
navigation and traveling the seas
• Expeditions were planned
using the latest maps, tools,
and information about wind
currents in the Atlantic Ocean
Who Were the explorers?
Gil Eanes
Born in Lagos, the Kingdom of Portugal and was
the first person to sail beyond Cape Bojador
Eanes joined Henry’s expeditions in 1433
Henry wanted Eanes to round the Cape of Bojador
Eventually driven towards the Canary Islands
Captured natives while there and took them back to
Sagres
• Sailed beyond Cape Bojador in 1434 and brought plants back to
Prince Henry to prove the voyage was a success
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…and it all started witH
Portugal
Gil Eanes’ discovery
of a safe passage around Cape
Bojador marked the beginning of the Portuguese
exploration of Africa.
Who Were the
Explorers?...Continued
Alvise Cadamasto
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Born and Died in Venice, Italy (1432-18 July 1488)
Discovered the Cape Verde Islands
Cadamasto was recruited by Prince Henry to sail south
along the coast of Western Africa on 22 March 1455
Arrived in Senegal which had been explored by the
Portuguese
Proceeded towards Gambia
While in Gambia, Cadamasto observed the different
races, manners and customs of the people
The Natives of Gambia were very hostile
and Cadamasto returned to Portugal
Cadamasto returned again in 1456 under
Henry’s patronage and was driven further out
to sea by uncontrollable winds
Discovered the Cape Verde Islands in 1456
80 Years of Portuguese Exploration
• Island of Porto Santo was
(Madeira) was discovered in
1419 by Joao Goncalves Zarco
and Tristao Vaz Teixeria
• Both navigators were sent by
Prince Henry to explore the
African coast
• Zarco and Teixeria were shipwrecked
on the island of Madeira
• They returned to Portugal and Prince
Henry ordered them to return and
colonize the islands for Portugal.
Joao Goncalves Zarco
Tristao Vaz Teixeria
How Madeira Grew and Helped
Portugal
1)Chief producer of wheat in the
16th century (1700’s)
2) This helped Madeira’s economy
and population grow
1)Sugar Cane was grown when the
prices for wheat began to fall
2)Expansion of Madeira was helped
by the growth of Sugar Cane
3)Traders and settlers came to
Madeira
4)In the 17th century (1800’s)
vineyards began to produce wine
The Azores Islands
• Discovered in 1431 by Portuguese seamen
• Today is 907 miles from Lisbon
(Capital of Portugal)
• Consists of 9 different islands
divided into 3 different parts
(Eastern, Central and Western Islands)
• Azores are an Archipelago:
A wide stretch of water with
many scattered islands
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…Continuing witH VasCo da
Born c. 1460 in
Gama
Sines, Portugal
• Born into a noble
family as the son of
Estevao da Gama
• Joined the Navy
when he was older
and learned
navigation
• Commissioned by
King Manuel of
Portugal to find a
route directly to
India from Portugal
• In 1487 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the
• Portugal was now
Cape of Good Hope
one of most
powerful maritime • Showed that the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans were connected
countries in Europe
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The Voyages of Vasco da
Gama
Da Gama wanted to prove
Christopher Columbus wrong
(Columbus thought that he had found a route to India when in
fact he had found a route to the Americas).
In 1502, da Gama led 10 ships on another journey to India.
Along the East coast of Africa, da Gama and his crew
terrorized Muslim ports.
Next, they moved to Calicut and killed 38 people in the trade
ports.
After forming an alliance with the ruler of Cochin, da Gama
and his crew left for Portugal on February 20, 1503 and
returned to Portugal on October 11th.
Christopher ColumbusWhere was He Going?
• Columbus asked for
permission from Monarchs
in Spain and Portugal to sail
to the far east to look for
trade routes to the west.
• In 1492, Queen Isabella and
King Ferdinand of Spain
granted his request.
• Columbus promised to bring
back gold, spices, and silk
from Asia.
• Columbus also promised to spread
Christianity and to explore China.
• He also requested to be the Governor
of the lands he discovered.
Columbus and the Nina, the
Pinta and the Santa Maria
• Columbus set sail on
August 3, 1492 and hit
land on October 12, 1492.
• Thinking that it was Asia,
Columbus named it
San Salvador.
• Still looking for China,
Columbus went on to Cuba.
• Columbus still never found the “riches” he was
looking for.
Columbus’s remaining
Voyages
• On November 3, 1493, Columbus thought he had
found the islands of Japan.
• The islands were Dominica, Guadeloupe and
Jamaica.
• Columbus still found no riches and continued on
his quest for Spain.
• On July 31, 1498, Columbus discovered Trinidad
and Tobago, Grenada and Margarita.
• He also reached the South American mainland.
The End of the Voyage and
Columbus’s legaCy
• By 1502, Columbus would discover the following
places (see map).
• Columbus Day is celebrated in
the United States each year on
the 2nd Monday in October.
• His major contribution and what
he is often remembered for is
that he was the first to visit,
settle ,and stay in these lands for
a period of time.
Ferdinand Magellan
• Born c. 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal
• Died April 27, 1521 in Mactan,
Philippines.
• Magellan, who was Portuguese but
served Spain, led the first European
voyage to circumnavigate the globe.
• Portugal was no longer willing to
employ him after he was falsely
accused of trading with the Moors.
• Magellan moved to Seville, Spain in
1517 to offer his navigational
services to King Charles V
• Magellan’s voyages proved once
and for all that the Earth was Round.
magellan…tHe Final years
• Voyage to circumnavigate the globe began on
September 20, 1519.
• October 1520, the fleet of ships entered what is today
called the “Strait of Magellan.”
• The voyage through the
Strait of Magellan took
about one month.
• One of the ship masters
fled and sailed home to
Spain.
Circling the
globe…Finally
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Major Explorers and their Accomplishments:
Gil Eanes – first to sail around Cape Bojador
Alvise Cadamasto – first to make contact with
the natives of sub-Saharan Africa
Bartolemeu Dias – first to sail around the
southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good
Hope)
Vasco da Gama –first to discover a sea route
to east Asia
Christoforo Columbo – first European to reach
land in the Western Hemisphere
Major Explorers and their Accomplishments:
• Amerigo Vespucci – First European credited
with the understanding that lands in the
Western Hemisphere were not a part of Asia,
but rather “new” continents previously
unknown to Europeans.
• John and Sebastian Cabot – First Europeans
(other that the Vikings) to explore North
America
• Giovanni da Verranzano – First European to
explore the coast of North Carolina
Major Explorers and their Accomplishments:
• Ferdinand Magellen – first to sail around the
southern tip of South America; named the
Pacific Ocean; 17 members of his crew
became the first to sail completely around the
world
• Hernan Cortes – conquered Mexico for Spain
by defeating the native Mayans.
• Francisco Pizzaro – conquered western South
America for Spain by defeating the native
Incans.
Major Explorers and their Accomplishments:
• Ponce de Leon – explored southeastern North
America for Spain; named Florida
• Jacques Cartier – explored northern North
America; claimed Canada for France
Why did the Europeans want to
explore in the first place?
• They wanted to find a sea route to Asia so
they could trade directly with Indian, Chinese,
East African, and Pacific Island merchants.
• They did not initially seek to discover new
lands, but once those discoveries were made,
they immediately began to find ways to
exploit their discoveries.
• Once they began to have success, they wanted
to spread Christianity throughout the world.
Before the Age of Discovery…
• Most people knew little of the world outside
their own villages.
• Little was known about geography; the best
maps of the world were over 1,000 years old.
• Trade between European and Asian
civilizations was conducted over land and was
controlled by Muslim civilizations in the
Middle East.
Before the Age of Discovery…
• Europeans did not know that:
– the continents of North and South America
existed
– the Atlantic and Indian oceans met south of the
African continent
– the Pacific Ocean existed
– it is possible to sail completely around the world
– the earth is as large as it is
After the Age of Discovery…
• Europeans established sea routes to Asia and trading
posts along those routes, greatly enriching them.
• Europeans made great advancements in
shipbuilding, navigation, and map-making.
• Europeans began to establish colonies on the
continents and islands of the Western Hemisphere.
• Europeans had thoroughly explored all the earth’s
oceans and had determined the size of the earth.
• The major European nations emerged as the richest,
most advanced, and most powerful civilizations on
earth.
After the Age of Discovery…
• Native peoples in Africa, the Americas, and the
Atlantic islands were terrorized, conquered, killed,
enslaved, and/or forced to convert to Christianity.
• As European colonization increased, native customs,
languages, and religions vanished as the native
people were gradually assimilated into the prevailing
European cultures.
• As much as 80% of the native populations of the
Americas died as a result of European diseases
(mainly smallpox).
European Advantages over Native Americans:
Firearms – cannons, gunpowder, etc
European Advantages over Native Americans:
Armor
European Advantages over Native Americans:
Horses
European Advantages over Native Americans:
Disease Resistance
In Summary…
• By the late 1500s, the earth had been
thoroughly explored and mapped by European
sailors. European nations began competing to
colonize the “New World” (North and South
America and the islands of the western
Atlantic), leading to our next unit: The Age of
Colonization.