Transcript STRESS MANAGEMENT - Department of Telecommunications

Future of Data Communication
Some Famous Words
“ I think there is a World market of for may be five
computers”
-
Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM in 1943
“640k ought to be enough for anybody.”
-
Bill Gates 1981
“32bits should be enough address space for
internet”
-
Vint Cerf, 1977 ( honorary Chairman of IPv6 Forum 2000)
2
Internet Protocol
Transports a datagram from source host to destination,
possibly via several intermediate nodes (“routers”)
Service is:
 Unreliable: Losses, duplicates, out-of-order delivery
 Best effort: Packets not discarded capriciously, delivery
failure not necessarily reported
 Connectionless: Each packet is treated independently
3
What is an IP address?
• Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely
identified at the IP layer with an address.
• An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies
the location of a host or client on the
Internet.
• The IP address is also known as Protocol
address
• The IPv4 address is 32 bits long
• The IPv6 address is 128 bit long
Problems of IPv4
 Addressing problem
 Routing Crisis
 End to End problem
 Security
 Mobility
 Performance
 Cost
Address Crisis
Routing Crisis
End to End problem
Mobility
Security Problem
10
IPv6 Features
Larger address space
2. Global reachability
3. Flexibility
4. Auto-configuration
5. Aggregation
6. Multi-homing
7. Efficient Routing
8. Scalability
9. Easy Mobility
10.Better security
1.
IPv6
No more room in IPv4
Quite empty in IPv6
12
Larger Address Space
13
Global Reachability
From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:
– Global reachability:
• No hidden networks, hosts
• All hosts can be reachable and be "servers"
14
Flexibility
From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables:
– Flexibility
15
Auto-Configuration
• "Plug and play"
– By autoconfiguration
7/22/2015
16
Aggregation
• Aggregation
7/22/2015
17
Multi-homing
7/22/2015
18
Efficient Routing
7/22/2015
19
Scalability
7/22/2015
20
Easy Mobility
21
End to End Security
7/22/2015
22
Better Security
23
IPv6 Features
TCP/IP and OSI
• OSI is made of seven layers.
• TCP/IP protocol is made of five layers.
APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
APPLICATION
SESSION
OSI Model
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
NETWORK
DATA LINK
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
TCP/IP Model
Data Encapsulation
Application
Data
TCP Header
TPT Layer
Data
TCP Segment
UDP Header
Data
UDP Message
NW Layer
IP Header
TCP-UDP
Data
IP Datagram
Data Link
Frame Head
IP Header
TCP-UDP
Frame
Data
Trailer
TCP/IP Protocol Suite..
A
FTP
SMTP
TELNET
HTTP
T
N
TFTP
NFS
SNMP
DNS
TCP
ICMP
IGMP
UDP
IP
ARP
D
Protocols defined by the underlying networks
P
RARP
IPv6 Addressing
• IPv6 addresses
• Format
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Anycast
• Required Node Addresses
• Address Selection
• Addressing Architecture
7/22/2015
28
Addresses
• IPv4 = 32 bits
• IPv6 = 128 bits
– This is not 4 times the number of addresses
– This is 4 times the number of bits
– ~3,4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes
– 1030 addresses per person on the planet
– Well, as with any numbering scheme, we will be using only a
portion of the full address space
7/22/2015
29
IPv6
IPv6 Address
IPv4: 32 bits or 4 bytes long
4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes
• IPv6: 128 bits or 16 bytes
• 3.4 * 1038 possible addressable nodes
•
•
340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456
5 * 1028 addresses per person
Address Format
• x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x
– Where x is a 16 bits hexadecimal field
• 2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:C1C0:ABCD:0876
• Case insensitive
• 2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:c1c0:abcd:0876
• Leading zeros in a field are optional:
• 2001:0:1234:0:0:C1C0:ABCD:876
7/22/2015
31
Address format
• Successive fields of 0 are represented as ::, but only once
in an address:
– 2001:0:1234::C1C0:ABCD:876
– Not valid: 2001::1234::C1C0:ABCD:876
• Other examples:
– FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => FF02::1
– 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1
– 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => ::
7/22/2015
32
Addresses in URL
• In a URL, it is enclosed in brackets
– http://[2001:1:4F3A::206:AE14]:8080/index.html
– URL parsers have to be modified
– Cumbersome for users
• Mostly for diagnostic purposes
• Should use Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN)
7/22/2015
33
Address Types
• Unicast
– Unspecified
– Loopback
– Scoped addresses:
• Link-local
• Site-local
– Aggregatable Global:
• Multicast
– Broadcast: none in IPv6
• Anycast
7/22/2015
34
Unspecified
• Used as a placeholder when no address available
– Initial DHCP request
– Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
• Like 0.0.0.0 in IPv4
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::
7/22/2015
35
Loopback
•
•
•
•
•
Identifies self
Localhost
Like 127.0.0.1 in IPv4
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1
To find if your IPv6 stack works:
– Ping6 ::1
7/22/2015
36
Link-Local
• Scoped address (new in IPv6)
• Scope = local link (i.e. VLAN, subnet)
– Can only be used between nodes of the same link
– Cannot be routed
• Automatically configured on each interface
– Uses the interface identifier (based on MAC address)
• Format:
– FE80:0:0:0:<interface identifier>
• Gives every node an IPv6 address to start communications
7/22/2015
37
IPv6
IPv6 Address Representation EUI 64
IPv6 uses the extended universal identifier (EUI)64 format to do stateless autoconfiguration.
This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64
bits by inserting “FFFE” into the middle 16 bits.
To make sure that the chosen address is from a
unique Ethernet MAC address, the universal/local
(U/L bit) is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local
scope).
Site-Local
• Scoped address
• Scope = site (a network of links)
– Can only be used between nodes of the same site
– Cannot be routed outside the site (i.e. the Internet)
– Very similar to IPv4 private addresses
• Not configured by default
7/22/2015
39
Site-Local
• Format:
– FEC0:0:0:<subnet id>:<interface id>
– Subnet id = 16 bits = 64K subnets
• Enables an addressing plan for a full site
• Usage example:
– Number a site before connecting to the Internet:
• Do your address plan using site locals and use the renumbering
functions when connecting to the IPv6 Internet
– Private addresses (e.g. local printers)
7/22/2015
40
Aggregatable Global
• Generic use. Globally reachable.
• Allocated by IANA
– To Regional Registries
– Then to Tier-1 Providers
• Called Top-level Aggregator (TLA)
– Then to Intermediate Providers
• Called Next-level Aggregator (NLA)
– Then to sites
– Then to subnets
7/22/2015
41
Aggregatable Global
• Structure:
TLA
RES
48 bits
•
•
•
•
7/22/2015
NLAs SLA
Interface ID
16 bits
64 bits
128 bits as the total
48 bits prefix to the site
16 bits for the subnets in the site
64 bits for host part
42
Aggregatable Global
• Consists of the following (left to right):
– 3 bits: 001 (10% of the total address space reserved)
– 13 bits for the TLA
• 213 TLAs ~ 8K TLAs
– 8 bits reserved
– 24 bits for the NLAs
• 224 NLAs per TLA ~ 16M NLAs per TLA
– 16 bits for the site subnets
• 216 subnets per site = 65536 subnets
– 64 bits for the interface identifier
– Total = 128 bits.
7/22/2015
43
Multicast
• Multicast = one-to-many
• No broadcast in IPv6. Multicast is used instead, mostly
on local links
• Scoped addresses:
– Node, link, site, organisation, global
– No TTL as in IPv4
• Format:
– FF<flags><scope>::<multicast group>
7/22/2015
44
Multicast assigned Addresses
• Some reserved multicast addresses:
Address
Scope
Use
FF01::1
Interface-local
All Nodes
FF01::2
Interface-local
All Routers
FF02::1
Link-local
All Nodes
FF02::2
Link-local
All Routers
FF05::2
Site-local
All Routers
FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx Link-local
7/22/2015
Solicited-Node
45
Anycast
• One-to-nearest: great for discovery functions
• Anycast addresses are indistinguishable from unicast
addresses
– Allocated from the unicast addresses space
– Some anycast addresses are reserved for specific uses
• Few uses:
– Router-subnet
– MobileIPv6 home-agent discovery
– discussions for DNS discovery
7/22/2015
46
Thanks
7/22/2015
47
WONDERS WE CAN DO
WITH IPV6 !!
GIMEC
CONFIDENTIAL-
48
IPv6 Applications in Agriculture Industry
IPv6 Applications in Transport System
With IPv6, Intelligent Transportation
Systems can provide two-way, real-time
communications along the roadside
Data to help with issues such as road rage,
pollution, and even utilize roadside sensors
to help protect citizens.
The Department of Transportation receives
decibel readings and pollution statistics from
multiple sensor
GIMEC
50
CONFIDENTIAL-
IPv6 Applications in UID
Under UID Project IPv6 implementation can
play a vital role in the following
1. Providing Consistent, Coordinated Services
to Indian Citizens
2. Efficient, Synchronized Search and Rescue
during Emergencies like Terrorist attacks
3. Provides Instant Access for Greater Public
Safety during Catastrophic Attacks
GIMEC
CONFIDENTIAL-
51
IPv6 Applications Others!!
7/22/2015
 Suggested Pilot Projects in Greenfield
Applications





Rural Emergency Healthcare System
Telemedicine
Distance Education
Power Generation and Distribution
Logistics and Supply Chain
Different Ministries, Government Departments and Organizations in
Private Sector can come forward to Work on these and similar Pilot
Projects.
54
Rural Emergency Health Care
7/22/2015
Rural Emergency Healthcare – Current Process
Caller in
distress Public Switching
Dial
108
Telephone Network
(PSTN)
Dispatch Officers
(DO)
Doctor
Central Co-ordination Contact Center
Ambulances
nearest to caller
located and guided
to destination
Ambulances located at strategic places in districts
Doctor at
Contact
Center and
Nurse in
Ambulance coordinate
over phone
about
patient care
Deficiencies in Today’s – Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario
(Communication only by Phone)
•Vital sign information sent on phone - Blood pressure, ECG, Temperature .. Etc.
•Doctor lacks the ability to see the patient’s visual condition
•Doctor provides Offline Healthcare on phone
•Ambulances manually called and guided over phone to destination
56
IPv6 simplifies and enhances Rural Emergency Healthcare
Caller in
distress
GPS helps
Locate
Ambulance,
guides
Ambulance
driver
To destination
IPv6 Backbone
Dial
108
Central Co-ordination Contact Center
Bio-sensors help
collect
Vital sign info which is
transmitted in realtime
helping doctor provide
effective healthcare
3
G
WiMax
Ambulances located at strategic places in districts
Confidential © Tech Mahindra
2009
IPv6 Technologies – Rural Emergency Healthcare
•Bio-Sensors
•Seamless Video-Conference
•IPv6 based Real-time Vital signs data
•Automatic Vehicular Location System
Benefits – IPv6 Rural Emergency Healthcare scenario
transfer
Real Time Patient Vital sign information collected by Bio Sensors– Blood pressure,
ECG, Temperature .. Etc,
Patient’s condition is seen in real time Video by Doctor - More effective diagnosis and
advice
D.O. locates nearest Ambulance - using GPS Driver reaches destination faster via GPS 57
IPV6 Network of Urban
and Rural Hospitals
58
Hospital Network – Linking Urban & Rural Hospitals
Rural
Health
Centre
PHC
IPv6
Network
IPv6
Network
URBAN
HOSPITAL
PHC
PHC
59
Rural Patient
Tele Health – Patient Seeking Medical Advice Remotely
60
Tele-Health Schematic using Mobile
Network
2
Sensors used to
collect Patient
Condition and
Transmitted
using mobile
phone
Immediate
Feedback
1
3
Patient Monitoring Team
4
Data
Transmitted to
the Medical
Server
IPv6
Analyzed Data
Transmitted to Nurse /
Doctor for advice
Health Care Provider
61
Distance Education
62
Distance Education
 Universalization
of Education
 Extending
Quality
Education
to
Remote
and
Rural Areas
IPV
6
 Partially mitigate
non availability
of good teachers
in
sufficient
numbers
63
Power Generation and
Distribution
Indian Electricity Scenario
Power Supply Position (MW)
Demand
Supplied
Shortage %
2005-06
93255
81792
12.3%
2006-07
100715
86818
13.8%
2007-08
108866
90793
16.6%
2008-09
109809
96685
12%
AT&C (Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses) ~ 33%
Objectives - APDRP (Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme
of the GoI – Funded through PFC)
 Sustained Loss Reduction
 Reliable and Automated systems for collection of accurate Base Line Data
 Adopting IT for energy accounting
Today’s Scenario
 Electricity grid is “DUMB"
 Workers have to walk from house to house to read the electricity meter
 Utilities have no clue of power outage until customers call to complain.
Tomorrow’s Scenario ?
The electricity grid is “SMART” enough for –

Remote collection of data – fully sensor based network

Automatic load balancing, DSM and transfer of power from one
region to another

Automatic detection of outages

Flexible metering
What will make it possible ?
IPv6
Smartgrid Schematic
Bidirectional, Intelligent Network
Using IPv6 for Smart grid Services
Advanced Metering
Infrastructure
Automatic meter Reading using sensors
Business Analysis
Analyze usage data to make decisions
Energy Management
Services
Grid monitoring and management
Demand Side management
Remote management of energy
demand, Load balancing
Distribution automation
Optimize performance of Transmission
and Distribution assets
Remote equipment
Monitoring
Ease of fault detection, maintenance
Telecommunications
Can be provided as a service using the
power line infrastructure
IPv6 in Railways
IPv6 in Railways
How can Railways benefit from IPv6 deployment ?
Railways handles India’s largest supply chain consisting of
wagons, bogies, engines, processing centers, point of sale
terminals , millions of parcel objects each day
Service Automation
Connectivity
Addressability
Scalable Internet Platform
IPv6
Vision for Railways / Railtel
Highly optimized supply chain based on IP
technology (IPv6)
Very large scale telemetry and sensor network
enhancing railway safety (enabled by IPv6)
Railtel as an ISP (Broadband subscribers on IPv6)
NetCentric Warfare for
Defence
• Uses computers and communications to link people and
weapons over long distances and in the battlefield
• Relies on computer Processing power
• Reliable and quick information exchange between forces in
battlefield
• Better coordination between different forces
decision making
& Superior
• Coordinate complex military operations over long distances
Operational Processes and Effectiveness
7/22/2015
Impact on Missions and Functions
7/22/2015
Advantages of NCW
• Power is increasingly derived from information sharing, information access
and speed
• Networked forces can be smaller in size
• When one unit gets into trouble
other units can quickly come to its
aid
• Difficult for enemy to attack a
spread out formation
• Fewer troops, lesser equipment –
cheaper warfare
• Sensor based networks – on-site
analysis of intelligence data obtained
through sensors – quicker decision
making in the battlefield
When the forces are well connected
they can spread out over a larger area
thus reducing the chances of fatal
incidents wiping out the entire troop at
the same time
Intelligent Information Network
Communication
Platform
Weapons
IPv6 based
Intelligent
information
Network
Net
Ready
Nodes
Communication
Platform
Net
Ready
Nodes
Forces
Net
Ready
Nodes
Thank You
7/22/2015
80