Transcript Early Exploration 1

Early Exploration
SOL 4 a-f
Chapter 3 & 4
I. Technology-which aided exploration
1. Maps—accurate
2. Latitude/Longitude
3. Astrolabe/Compass
4. Ship Design
II. Financing Exploration
1. Subsidies
2. Joint Stock
Company
III. Economic Motive--Mercantilism
• The theory and system of
political economy prevailing in
Europe after the decline of
feudalism, based on national
policies of accumulating bullion,
establishing colonies and a
merchant marine, and
developing industry and mining
to attain a favorable balance of
trade.
IV. Maintaining Wealth
• Balance of trade
• How to maintain balance of trade
•1. Reduce imports with tariffs
•2. Export finished products
instead of raw materials
•3. become self-sufficient
V. Roles of a colony in the Mercantilist
Theory
• Free or Cheap raw materials
• Labor source
• markets
VI. Why people wanted to explore!
Gold
2. Glory
3. God
1.
Explorers from Spain
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
financed Columbus from Genoa. He
wanted to get to Asia by sailing west.
In Aug. of 1492, the Nina, Pinta, and
Santa Maria set sail. On October 12,
1492, he landed on the island of San
Salvador, but he thought he was in
India. He named the are “Indies”
and the people “Indians”
Explorers of Spain Con’d
• Major changes in culture due to
the exchange of plants, animals,
products, and diseases.
• Gold and silver mined in S.
America helped Spain become a
world power.
Explorers of Spain Con’d
• 4 days to the New World!!
• The diet changed because of new
foods. Horses changed the life of
the natives. But diseases
especially smallpox wiped out the
Natives of Spanish America.
Explorers from Spain cont……
• 1492—Columbus
• 1513—Vasco Balboa—Panama &
Pacific
• 1579—Magellan—named Pacific
• 1513—Ponce de Leon—Florida
• Cortes—Aztecs, Montezuma
• 1530—Pizarro--Inca
Christopher Columbus
Vasco Balboa
• Spanish
Explorer
1st to see
Pacific Ocean
Magellan
• Philippines
• Crew was the
1st to
Circumnavigate
The world
Juan Ponce de Leon
• Florida
Cortes
• Spanish
• Conquered
Aztecs
Pizarro
• Conquered
the Incans
Early Explorations
• Spain and Portugal often claimed
the same lands. To solve conflict
the Pope solved it by drawing a
line down the Atlantic Ocean
known as the Line of
Demarcation. Portugal got
everything to the east of the line
and Spain to the west.
•Spain and Portugal
eventually signed a treaty
moving the line a little more
to the west.
Explorers from Portugal
• Portugal has a
• prime location
• on the
• Atlantic Coast!!
• Prince Henry the Navigator—
School to train navigators
• Claimed the Azores Islands,
established trade markets on the
west coast of Africa (slave trade)
Prince Henry the Navigator
• Bartolomeu Dias (1488-Sailed
around the Cape of Good Hope)
Vasco da Gama
(1498-Cape-India-back)
• Pedro Alvares Cabral (1500Brazil) Sugar Plantations—the
Spanish acknowledged his claim
(the coast is east of the line, but
the majority of the country is
west of the line)
•Finding these direct routes to
the riches of the East not only
saved time but money—they
could buy direct instead of
dealing with the Arabs and
the Italians
Other Famous Explorers
• 1497-1503—Amerigo Vespucci
(Florence) realized the area
Columbus discovered was not
Asia, but was a “New World”. (A
German actually named the
land after him)
• 1513—Vasco Nunez de Balboa—
crossed the Isthmus of Panama
and saw an ocean. He named it
the South Sea (Now the Pacific
Ocean)—he sailed for Spain
• 1519—Ferdinand Magellan—sailed
south along the coast of South
America, passed through the
southern strait (now named for him)
and saw a very large, “calm” ocean.
He named it the Pacific meaning
passive. He eventually reached the
Philippines where he died in battle,
but the crew made it back—1st to
circum navigate!! He was Portuguese
but sailed for Spain!
TRADE
• Portugal with Asia—
•Portugal moved into East
Indies…then China, Japan, and
the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
•Small trade compared to Brazil
where plantations had been set
up for sugar exports
Trade Con’d
•Large labor crop—needs a large
labor force—where are you
going to get the workers???
Portugal goes to Africa
•At first--friendly as the interest
in the slave trade grew
gradually. Slaves were
eventually transported to
colonies.
Triangular Trade
• 1. Goods shipped to Africa for
slaves who were captured by
African tribes and brought to the
West Coast.
Triangular Trade Con’d
• 2. The Middle Passage-the time while
the slaves were on the Atlantic
•Most brutal part of the triangle
•Slaves chained in overcrowded
areas in the bottom of the ship
•Little food or water
•No provision for sanitation and
many died
Triangular Trade Con’d
•1500’s—
2,000
slaves/year
transported
•1780’s—
80,000/year
Triangular Trade cont…
• 3. Goods would be purchased in
America for slaves and the goods (raw
materials) brought home and made
into products that could be taken to
Africa and traded for slaves
• Africa’s population rapidly declined
• Some African kingdoms did rise in
rebellion to the Europeans to protest
slavery
• African slavery was different from
European slavery:
• It varied from voluntary service to
enforced captivity of POWs
• Children of enslaved women were often
considered free because often their
fathers were free
• Slaves were allowed to buy their freedom
• They were treated as people with a role
in society
Why Africans turned on neighbors to aid in
slavery:
• To
• Obtain
• Weapons/
• goods
• To avoid
• being
• the victim
Portugal Falls Apart
• 1. Weak government—no control
over officials at home or abroad
• 2. Population declined—so many
people were sailors—gov’t sent
youngest, strongest males; poor
ships—many were destroyed about ½
of those who went out returned
• 3. Spain took over Portugal until
1640
The Spanish Empire
• Empire mostly in Americas and
Philippines
• Exploration:
•Juan Ponce De Leon—Florida
1513
•Hernando Cortes—Aztecs—
defeated Montezuma and
destroyed city of Tenochtitlan
(today Mexico City) Easy
defeat due to horses and guns
•Franco Pizarro—1530 into Peru
and destroyed the Inca
The Spanish Empire cont…
• Spain established settlements
where other European powers
used the colonies for trade. Spain
established governments with
viceroys—representatives to the
monarch
• To oppress the natives and
slaves—encomienda system-the
right to demand labor=slavery
• Spain got mineral wealth from
colonies, but killed many natives
from disease. They had to begin
importing slaves to compensate.
• No foreigners were allowed in
Spanish colonies—wealth was
appealing to other countries.
• Treasure ships were a target and
England as well as other powers
encouraged piracy and even
established colonies in the New
World.
Other colonies…
• Portuguese, Dutch, and British
established trading companies along
the coast of Africa, India, and Asia
• Portuguese and Spain—developed a
few colonies in the New World
• Result: an exchange of products
and resources between the
Eastern and Western
Hemispheres=Columbian
Exchange
•Western Hemisphere provided:
agricultural products such as
corn, potatoes and tobacco
•Eastern Hemisphere provided:
horses, cattle, disease esp.
smallpox (deadliest disease for
the indigenous population)
Spanish Social Classes
• Peninsulares—people born in
Spain—highest positions
• Creoles—American born
descendants of Spanish settlers—
owned most of the land
• Mixed Peoples—Mestizos—
Native American and European
mixed; Mulattos—African and
European mixed
• Native American and Africans
English Exploration
• The power and wealth of Spain
often attracted pirates especially
from rival countries such as
England
• England often encouraged piracy:
Sea dogs
•Sir Francis Drake—knighted
for his daring raids
English Exploration cont….
• English also looked for a route to
India
•Henry Hudson—sailed for the
Dutch (1609)/ England=Hudson
Bay
• John Cabot—Italian captain
commissioned by England to sail
around North America; 14971498 explored the coasts of
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and
New England gave England a
claim to the New World
•European nations did not
acknowledge the line of
demarcation
France
• Jacques Cartier—1534-1541—
sailed up the St. Lawrence River
up to the present day city of
Montreal—gave the French a
claim to the New World
• Samuel de
Champlain—
1608—
established the
first
permanent
settlement at
Quebec
• Robert La Salle—sailed down the
Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico
and claimed the entire inland
region of North America for
France named it Louisiana for
King Louis XIV