Transcript (Exploration (gb))

Exploring ‘New’ Worlds
and Lands
Imperialism
European Knowledge of the
World 950 CE
Renaissance Continued?
How might Renaissance Spirit have
contributed to Exploration..?
– Classical Learning- Renaissance society had
wanted to learn more
– Worldly Pleasures- Focused on living in this
world; enjoying what the world had to offer
was a way to accomplish this
– Celebration of the Individual- Glory for
explorers (& eventually nations)
Why by sea?
No longer wanted to go over ground
– Mongols
– Spices
– Arabs and Italians controlled most of the route
Trade routes before Renaissance
How explore? New Technologies
Caravel:
– constructed framefirst and covered
with planks fitted
flush to one
another.
– carried three or
even four masts
with lateen (square
or triangle) sails.
Astrolabe: used to
determine latitude of a ship
at sea by measuring the
noon altitude of the sun
Compass: used to indicate
direction
Motivations
3 G’s of Exploration:
Gold: Spices and Profits
– Increase in demand due to Crusades
– Italian monopoly
Glory
– Have one’s name remembered forever…
eventually turned into a source of national pride
God: Spread Christianity
– Sacred duty to convert all non-believers
Exploration
Portuguese
Prince Henry
– School of navigation
– Quest for $$$ Riches and Christian Kingdom
– Wanted another route to the East
Africa (1441)
– Gold & Ivory
– Slaves: new labor source after plague
• 60 years—50,000 African Slaves
– Gold Coast & Western Africa trading posts
Portuguese Explorers
Bartholomew Dias
– Hits the tip of Africa
– (Cape of Good Hope)
Vasco da Gama
– July 8, 1494 leave for India
– 10 months later arrives Calicut, India
– Returns with cinnamon & pepper in 1499 to hero’s
welcome
– Leads to agreement with Arabs for exclusive trade thru
Indian Ocean, China, and the Spice Islands
Vasco da Gama’s voyages
The World in 1482
The World After:
Spanish Explorers (aka Sailors)
Columbus
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Isabella and Ferdinand to Spain
The good
The bad
The ugly
The interesting
Amerigo Vespucci
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
– Claims Pacific Ocean for Spain
Magellan
– 1519-1522 Travel around the world
– Proves world was bigger than thought; Americas a
separate continent
Columbus’ Voyages
Rivalries on the High Seas
Spain vs. Portugal
– Pope Alexander VI and later Julius II demands
both countries sign Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494)
• Line of Demarcation
define what territories was
Spanish and Portuguese in
the New World
• West= Spain
• East= Portugal
Spanish vs. Portuguese
Both have territory in the Americas, “claim
happy”
Need to draw a line- Pope Alexander VI
(1493) created the Line of Demarcation
– West of this line is Spain’s, East is Portugal’s
– Treaty of Tordesillas pushed the line a bit
farther West
Northwest Passage
Many explorers (Columbus incl.) were trying to
find an alternate route to Asia (China/India)
–
Instead of going East, we can go West to get to Asia.
Explorers believed there was water way that led
to Asia. Named The Northwest Passage, this
mythical body of water was believed to:
1. Go directly from Europe to Asia
and then later
2. Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
–
Unfortunately, it did not exist, and North
America stood in their way
Your favorite foods
On a piece of paper, list three of your
favorite foods. Leave lots of space between
the 3 items you list. (Hint: it can be
manufactured food or
fruit/vegetable/fish/meat)
If a made food (such as pizza), list the main
ingredients.
Write down if you know where the main
ingredients originally grew.
Origin of the species
Potatoes – Andes of S. America
Corn – The Americas
Wheat – SW Asia
Sugar – SE Asia
Tomatoes – S. America
Movement of goods across
oceans
Traders had brought spices from Asia.
Now brought new crops from the Americas
to Europe.
Europe was the center of a triangular trade.
Europe-Africa-The Americas.
Why European countries?
Working with a one partner next to you,
brainstorm what would be needed to
conduct a major exploration trip. Make your
list as inclusive as possible on the key
things you would need.
Who is paying for the exploration?
Exploration in Africa
We’ve discussed life in Africa before
contact, what do we remember..?
Exploration to Africa begins with Dias and
De Gama
Search for profit: Africa was a country rich
in resources
Establishment of plantations and Slave
Trade
Atlantic slave trade
Many conquered people were forced to
work in mines, plantations
– Governors of colonies had incredible power
New diseases and brutal work conditions
killed millions
– Europeans needed more workers
Started buying slaves from Africa
– There was already a slave trade in Africa!
What’s new = taking them to the Americas
Atlantic Slave Trade
Europeans needed cheap labor for farms
(the British and Spanish) and silver mines
(Spanish)
10-12 million Africans forced come to
America
– Mostly to South America, esp Brazil for the
sugar plantations
Slaves in all 13 British colonies
The triangle trade -- simplified
The triangle trade -- detailed
Latin American Colonial Life
Spanish-Dominated colonial structure (why
would they do this?)
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Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizoes
Mulatoes
Spread of Christianity
CONSEQUENCES OF
CONTACT/EXPLORATION
Negative Impacts of Exploration
Epidemics - Diseases that spread quicker
than they can be cured:
– Small Pox
– Influenza.
Indigenous (Native) population had not yet
built immunities to the diseases.
– Indigenous Pop. in 1492: 54-100 million.
Indigenous Pop. in 1750: Less than 500,000
Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange – the global
exchange of goods, ideas, plants and
animals, and disease that began with
Columbus’s exploration of the new world.
Name some of your favorite foods!
– Look at the charts on pages 496-497 and see
where the foods came from.
– How would your diet be different without the
Columbian Exchange?
CE Continued…
Continue looking at the charts and pictures
on pages 496-497
– Which foods that originated in the Western Hemisphere are
important staples in Africa today?
– How might a continent like Africa – which in some places suffer
from frequent droughts and malnutrition – be different without
such foods.?
– What were three major impacts of the Columbian exchange and
explain why they were so important?
What were some of the unmentioned costs
of the Columbian Exchange?
The Causes and Effects of the
Columbian Exchange
Consequences of Contact –
Commercial Revolution
What factors contributed to Europe’s shift from
local economies to an international trading
system?
What is a guild how does it compare to the
“putting out” system?
Why did entrepreneurs want to bypass the guilds?
What does the word “mercantilism” mean?
How did mercantilist nations strengthen their
economies?
The Causes and Effects of the
Commercial Revolution
Consequences of
Contact/Exploration
Summary of European influences:
– Europe dominates much of the world from
1500-1900
– Connection of Africa, American and European
economies and politics
– Trade (sharing of ideas), different foods
introduced (Corn/maize, Fruits, Potato) helped
end famine in both ends of the world.
– Advancement of Western Civilization –
precursor to the United States.
CONSEQUENCES OF
CONTACT/EXPLORATION
Europe dominates much of the world from
1500 to 1900
Connection of Africa, America, and
Europe’s economies and politics
Trade (sharing of ideas), Different foods
introduced (Corn/Maize, Fruits, Potato)
helped end famine in both ends of the
world.
Advancement of Western Civilization,
precursor to the United States
Colonies in the Americas
How did Spain and Portugal build colonies
in the Americas?
Write a diary entry from the perspective of
one of the groups in the colonies. Describe
what a typical day for you might have been
like.
What factors contributed to Europe’s shift
from local economies to an international
trading system?