Transcript No Slide Title

Advanced TCP/IP
Concepts and Practices
Lesson 1:
Routing
Objectives




Explain the difference between direct and
indirect routing
Describe the routing process and explain
the function of routing information tables
Compare static routing with dynamic
routing, and manually configure a static
routing table
Explain the difference between interior and
exterior routing protocols, and identify
routing protocols within each category
Objectives (cont’d)




Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and
describe the advantages and
disadvantages of each
Identify the EGP and the BGPv4
Describe distance-vector, link-state and
path-vector protocols
Describe CIDR
Introduction
to Routing


Direct routing
Indirect routing
- The traceroute command
Routing Process

Routing involves two key elements
- The sending host must know which
router to use for a given destination; the
router is determined by the default
gateway
- The router must know where to send the
packet; the destination is determined by
the router’s routing information table
Routing
Information Table
Router2
Routing Information T able
Network
X
Y
Z
Router
Router1
Router2
Router3
Hops
2
1
2
Network X
Network Z
Router1
Router2
Network Y
Router3
Static vs.
Dynamic Routing


The route command
The ping command
Routing
and Packets

The network, transport, session,
presentation and application layers remain
unchanged during the routing process
Routing
Protocols

Interior versus exterior protocols
- Interior routing protocols include RIP
and OSPF
- Exterior routing protocols include EGP
and BGP
Routing
Information Protocol




RIPv1 header
RIPv1 versus RIPv2
How RIP works
Disadvantages of RIP
RIP Count-to-Infinity
Disadvantage
Network X
Router1
Router2
Router3
Open Shortest
Path First



Interior gateway routing protocol that uses
IP directly
Overcomes many RIP shortcomings
Contains:
- Various types of service routing
- Load balancing
- Network areas
- Authenticated exchanges
- Routing table updates
Exterior
Gateway Protocol


Used to communicate reachability
information between autonomous systems
Has been largely replaced by BGP
Border
Gateway Protocol
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
Used between the NSFnet backbone and
some regional networks
Exchanges network reachability
information with other BGP subsystems
Classless
Interdomain Routing


Minimizes the number of routing table
entries
Summarizes multiple IP addresses into
single entry
Summary
 Explain the difference between direct and
indirect routing
 Describe the routing process and explain
the function of routing information tables
 Compare static routing with dynamic
routing, and manually configure a static
routing table
 Explain the difference between interior and
exterior routing protocols, and identify
routing protocols within each category
Summary (cont’d)
 Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and
describe the advantages and
disadvantages of each
 Identify the EGP and the BGPv4
 Describe distance-vector, link-state and
path-vector protocols
 Describe CIDR
Lesson 2:
TCP/IP Troubleshooting
Tools—Files, Protocols
and Commands
Objectives





Describe useful network files
Compare TCP/IP implementations on UNIX
and Windows NT platforms
Describe ICMP concepts and message
types
Identify general network troubleshooting
commands for UNIX and Windows NT
Identify name and address troubleshooting
commands for UNIX and Windows NT
Useful
Network Files



protocols (UNIX) and protocol (NT)
services
inetd.conf (UNIX only)
Internet Control
Message Protocol
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Source-quench error messages
Echo-request and echo-reply query
messages
ICMP message types
Troubleshooting General
Network Problems

Commands
- ping
- traceroute or tracert
- netstat
Troubleshooting Name
and Address Problems

Commands
- ifconfig (Linux)
- ipconfig (Windows NT)
- arp
- nslookup
- hostname
Summary
 Describe useful network files
 Compare TCP/IP implementations on UNIX
and Windows NT platforms
 Describe ICMP concepts and message
types
 Identify general network troubleshooting
commands for UNIX and Windows NT
 Identify name and address troubleshooting
commands for UNIX and Windows NT
Lesson 3:
Troubleshooting
TCP/IP Networks
Objectives




Determine factors that can affect the
performance of TCP/IP or intranet
applications
Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and
traffic congestion
Establish a baseline with which to compare
future network activity
Monitor network traffic and congestion
Objectives (cont’d)

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
Test performance and transfer time
Identify and isolate duplicate address
problems
Determine specific TCP/IP components
that cause failures
Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP
failures
Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems
Performance
Factors

Baseline
- A recording of network activity obtained
through documentation and monitoring
- Serves as an example for comparing
future network activity
Identifying
Performance Degradation

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
System
Network
Client/server application
Establishing guidelines
System
Environment
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
System hardware
- Processor
- Memory
- Network interface
- Disk
Operating system
Network
Environment

Performance factors
- Protocol stack
- Routing architecture
 Routing protocol
 Routing configuration
 Routing hops
- Duplicate IP addresses
Client/Server
Applications

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
Application architecture in terms of
systems and networks
Application architecture in terms of
modules (screens, routines)
Version control
Testing
Summary
 Determine factors that can affect the
performance of TCP/IP or intranet
applications
 Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and
traffic congestion
 Establish a baseline with which to compare
future network activity
 Monitor network traffic and congestion
Summary (cont’d)
 Test performance and transfer time
 Identify and isolate duplicate address
problems
 Determine specific TCP/IP components
that cause failures
 Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP
failures
 Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems
Lesson 4:
Network Management
Fundamentals
Objectives
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Explain the importance of network
management
Identify effective management strategy
components
Explain the OSI Network Management
Functional Areas model
Describe OSI network management model
elements
Define the network management
architecture types
Network
Management

The ideal network management protocol
- Proprietary solutions
- Open solutions
Management
Functional Areas (MFAs)
Network
Management Model




Managed nodes
Agents
- Traversals and traps
- Polling
- Proxy agents
- Gateway agents
Information base
NMS
Information Base
on a Managed Node
Network
Management Architecture



Centralized architecture
Distributed architecture
Hierarchical architecture
Centralized Management
Architecture Model
NMS
Agent
Agent
Agent
Agent
Summary
 Explain the importance of network
management
 Identify effective management strategy
components
 Explain the OSI Network Management
Functional Areas model
 Describe OSI network management model
elements
 Define the network management
architecture types
Lesson 5:
SNMP History,
Process and Architecture
Objectives

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
Discuss the history of SNMP
Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB
tree, an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER
Summarize the SNMP process
Describe the SNMP architecture
Identify key SNMP communication
methods
Install an industry-standard NMS
Install an SNMP agent
Popularity
of SNMP

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Simplicity
Wide industry support
Wise use of resources
Standardization and stability
Centralized administration
Portability
History
of SNMP

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
Chronology
SNMPv1
SNMPv2
SNMPv3
SNMP extensions
The Structure of
Management Information
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The object identifier
Naming an object: OIDs and the MIB tree
Creating an MIB: Syntax and encoding
The
SNMP Process
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Querying MIB variables
NMS-to-agent PDUs
Agent-to-NMS PDUs
Instance identification
Network discovery
The network map
The NMS management database
Security and the NMS application
SNMP
Architecture
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The SNMP message
SNMP and TCP/IP
UDP ports and communication
Common NMS
Applications
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SNMPUTIL
Ipswitch Ping Pro
Ipswitch WhatsUp Gold
Scotty
HP OpenView
NetScout
IBM AIX NetView/6000
SunNetManager product architecture
Agents and
Windows NT Server 4.0


Configuring an SNMP agent in Windows NT
Server
- Agent tab
- Traps tab
- Security tab
SNMP agents and Windows 95/98
SNMP
Agents and UNIX
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
snmpd.agentinfo
snmpd.conf
rc.local
inetd.conf
Agents and
Internetworking
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Routers and SNMP support
Smart hubs
Managed hubs
RMON and RMON2 specifications
Summary
 Discuss the history of SNMP
 Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB
tree, an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER
 Summarize the SNMP process
 Describe the SNMP architecture
 Identify key SNMP communication
methods
 Install an industry-standard NMS
 Install an SNMP agent
Lesson 6:
The Management
Information Base
Objectives


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


Describe the MIB tree in detail
Describe the purpose of an OID, and
describe OIDs
Describe specific MIB groups
Define MIB terminology
Explain the MIB query process
Access SNMP information
The MIB Tree


The ISO branch
The Internet node and its children
MIB
Terminology


MIB-I
MIB-II
MIB Groups


Groups residing off the enterprises group
- Vendor sub-groups
Groups residing off the management group
- System group; interfaces group;
address translation group; IP group;
ICMP group; TCP group; UDP group;
EGP group; CMOT group; transmission
group; SNMP group
Accessing
MIB Variables


Accessing simple variables
Accessing array variables
Summary
 Describe the MIB tree in detail
 Describe the purpose of an OID, and
describe OIDs
 Describe specific MIB groups
 Define MIB terminology
 Explain the MIB query process
 Access SNMP information
Lesson 7:
SNMP in
the Enterprise
Objectives
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Identify the five SNMPv1 message formats
Describe the construction of a PDU
Explain the structure of SNMPv1 PDUs
List the common SNMPv1 error messages
Discuss SNMPv1 and security
Implement SNMP on a network
Describe RMON and identify its goals
SNMPv1
Message Format
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GetRequest
GetNextRequest
GetResponse
SetRequest
Trap
SNMPv1 error messages
SNMPv1
Drawbacks
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Security
- Trivial authentication: the community
name
- Lack of encryption
- Practical concerns
Limited communication paths
No multiprotocol support
SNMPv2 and SNMPv3
Defining RMON
Remote Network
Monitoring MIB (RMON)


What is RMON?
RMON goals
Summary
 Identify the five SNMPv1 message formats
 Describe the construction of a PDU
 Explain the structure of SNMPv1 PDUs
 List the common SNMPv1 error messages
 Discuss SNMPv1 and security
 Implement SNMP on a network
 Describe RMON and identify its goals
Lesson 8:
IPv6—Introduction
and IPv4 Comparison
Objectives





Describe the need for IPv6
Explain the IPv6 history
Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6
headers
Identify removed, revised and new header
fields in IPv6
Capture IPv4 packets for comparison with
IPv6
The Need
for IPv6

Methodology for determining required
number of IP addresses
History
of IPv6


Candidates
- TUBA
- CATNIP
- SIPP
The decision
IPv4 vs. IPv6:
Key Differences


IPv4 header
IPv6 header
IPv4
Removed Fields

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Fixed format for IP headers
No header checksum
No hop-by-hop segmentation
No Type of Service field
IPv4
Revised Fields

Datagram Length field  Payload Length
field


Protocol field  Next Header field
Time To Live field  Hop Limit field
IPv6
New Fields


Flow Label field
Class field
Summary
 Describe the need for IPv6
 Explain the IPv6 history
 Compare and contrast the IPv4 and IPv6
headers
 Identify removed, revised and new header
fields in IPv6
 Capture IPv4 packets for comparison with
IPv6
Lesson 9:
IPv6 Header and
Extension Headers
Objectives




Define each IPv6 header field and its
function
Identify IPv6 extension header types
Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Options,
Routing, and Fragment extension headers
Explain how IPv6 extension header types
affect routing performance
Objectives





(cont’d)
Identify IPv6 extension header order and
explain its significance
Download and install Windows NT IPv6
stack
Install IPv6 parsers for Windows NT
Network Monitor
Capture IPv6 packets and analyze them
Compare and contrast IPv4 packets with
IPv6 packets
IPv6 Header
in Detail
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Version
Class
Flow Label
Payload Length
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

Next Header
Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
IPv6
Extension Headers
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
Hop-by-Hop extension header
Destination Options extension header
Routing extension header
Fragment extension header
IPv6
Extension Header Order
1. IPv6
2. Hop-by-Hop
3. Destination Options
4. Routing
5. Fragment
6. Authentication
7. Encapsulating Security Payload
8. Destination Options
9. Upper-layer
Windows NT
and IPv6

IPv6 utilities
- ipv6
- ping6
- tracert6
- ttcp
Linux
and IPv6


Linux 2.2.12-20 (Red Hat Linux 6.1) kernel
requires upgrading to support IPv6
Linux 2.2.14-5.0 (Red Hat Linux 6.2) kernel
allows users to reconfigure the kernel to
support IPv6
Summary
 Define each IPv6 header field and its
function
 Identify IPv6 extension header types
 Describe Hop-by-Hop, Destination Options,
Routing, and Fragment extension headers
 Explain how IPv6 extension header types
affect routing performance
Summary
(cont’d)
 Identify IPv6 extension header order and
explain its significance
 Download and install Windows NT IPv6
stack
 Install IPv6 parsers for Windows NT
Network Monitor
 Capture IPv6 packets and analyze them
 Compare and contrast IPv4 packets with
IPv6 packets
Lesson 10:
IPv6 Address
Architecture
Objectives
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Compare and contrast IPv4 addresses with
IPv6 addresses
Describe IPv6 address architecture
Convert IPv6 addresses between
hexadecimal, decimal and binary values
Abbreviate and expand IPv6 addresses
Identify address types in IPv6: unicast,
multicast and anycast
Objectives
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
(cont’d)
Define the Aggregatable Global Unicast
address format
Explain address hierarchy
Create IEEE EUI-64 addresses from IEEE
802 addresses
Define the IPv6 multicast address format
Explain five special-case IPv6 unicast
addresses
Discuss address renumbering advantages
and disadvantages
IPv4 vs. IPv6
Addresses



Length
Notation
Number system
Hexadecimal Values
Hexadecimal Value
Decimal Equivalent
A
10
B
11
C
12
D
13
E
14
F
15
IPv6 Address
Abbreviation


Double-colon convention
Expanding IPv6 addresses
Address Types



Unicast
Multicast
Anycast
IPv6 Address
Assignments
Address Prefix
Definition
0000 0000
Reserved
0000 001
Reserved for NSAP
0000 010
Reserved for IPX
001
Aggregatable Global Unicast addresses
100
Reserved for Geographic-based Unicast
addresses
1111 1110 10
Link-local addresses
1111 1110 11
Site-local addresses
1111 1111
Multicast addresses
Aggregatable Global
Unicast Addresses




Top-Level Aggregator (TLA)
Next-Level Aggregator (NLA)
Site-Level Aggregator (SLA)
Host address
Special
Unicast Addresses
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
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
IPv4-based
Loopback
Unspecified
Site local
Multicast
Addresses

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
Flags
Scope
Group identifier
Fixed Length vs.
Variable Length

Variable-length addresses increase IPv6
growth flexibility, but make it difficult to
renumber networks in the provider-based
Internet
Summary
 Compare and contrast IPv4 addresses with
IPv6 addresses
 Describe IPv6 address architecture
 Convert IPv6 addresses between
hexadecimal, decimal and binary values
 Abbreviate and expand IPv6 addresses
 Identify address types in IPv6: unicast,
multicast and anycast
Summary
(cont’d)
 Define the Aggregatable Global Unicast
address format
 Explain address hierarchy
 Create IEEE EUI-64 addresses from IEEE
802 addresses
 Define the IPv6 multicast address format
 Explain five special-case IPv6 unicast
addresses
 Discuss address renumbering advantages
and disadvantages
Lesson 11:
IPv6 Routing
and Security
Objectives


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

Explain why CIDR will be replaced by the
TLA in the IPv6 address
Describe the aggregatable routing
hierarchy concept
Describe IPv6 multicast routing
Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard
recommends using IDRP instead of BGPv4
Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard
recommends using OSPF instead of RIP
Objectives





(cont’d)
Specify IPv6 security features
Compare Internet-layer security to
application-layer security
Discuss the functions of the Authentication
and ESP extension headers
Identify Authentication extension header
fields
Identify ESP extension header fields
IPv6 Routing

CIDR to aggregate network routes
Aggregatable
Routing Hierarchy

Ensures routing tables are smaller because
SLA routers can use NLA routers as default
routes, and NLA routers can use TLA
routers as default routes
Multicast Routing

ICMPv6 group management header
includes the following fields:
- Type
- Code
- Checksum
- Maximum Response Delay
- Unused
- Multicast Address
IPv6
Routing Protocols


BGPv4 to IDRP
Updating interior routing protocols to work
with IPv6
- OSPF
- RIP
IPv6 Security


Authentication
Confidentiality
Summary
 Explain why CIDR will be replaced by the
TLA in the IPv6 address
 Describe the aggregatable routing
hierarchy concept
 Describe IPv6 multicast routing
 Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard
recommends using IDRP instead of BGPv4
 Explain why the IPv6 proposed standard
recommends using OSPF instead of RIP
Summary
(cont’d)
 Specify IPv6 security features
 Compare Internet-layer security to
application-layer security
 Discuss the functions of the Authentication
and ESP extension headers
 Identify Authentication extension header
fields
 Identify ESP extension header fields
Lesson 12:
Reduced Network
Management with IPv6
Objectives





Identify IPv6 elements that reduce network
management overhead
Describe ND and its functions
Compare and contrast ICMPv6 with ICMPv4
Identify removed, revised and new ICMPv6
message types
Define IPv6 plug and play
Objectives




(cont’d)
Describe Router Solicitation and Router
Advertisement ICMPv6 messages, and
explain how they function with stateless
autoconfiguration
Identify ICMPv6 message headers
Explain address resolution using ND
Compare ND with ARP
Neighbor
Discovery Protocol





Allows hosts to find routers
Enables nodes to determine one another’s
link layer addresses
Enables nodes to discover the existence of
other nodes
Enables nodes to maintain reachability
information
Provides nodes with path status to active
neighbors
Internet Control
Message Protocol Version 6


ICMPv6 header
ICMPv6 messages
Plug-and-Play
Autoconfiguration


Stateless autoconfiguration
Stateful configuration
Address
Resolution


Neighbor Solicitation message header
Neighbor Advertisement message header
Summary
 Identify IPv6 elements that reduce network
management overhead
 Describe ND and its functions
 Compare and contrast ICMPv6 with ICMPv4
 Identify removed, revised and new ICMPv6
message types
 Define IPv6 plug and play
Summary
(cont’d)
 Describe Router Solicitation and Router
Advertisement ICMPv6 messages, and
explain how they function with stateless
autoconfiguration
 Identify ICMPv6 message headers
 Explain address resolution using ND
 Compare ND with ARP
Lesson 13:
Transitioning to IPv6
Objectives






Describe the SIT mechanisms
Explain the issues involved in IPv4-to-IPv6
migration, including addressing and DNS
Discuss the dual IP stack strategy and how
it will be supported
Explain the purpose of the 6Bone
Define tunneling and relate it to the 6Bone
Explain how to join the 6Bone
Simple Internet
Transition Mechanisms


SIT features
SIT mchanisms
Dual IP Stacks


Dual IP stack support
IPv6 name service
IPv4 Address
Compatibility

IPv6 address can embed in IPv4 addresses
using a combination of:
- Dotted decimal formats
- Double colon formats
IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunneling:
The 6Bone



Tunneling process
Connecting to the 6Bone
Connecting to isolated hosts
Summary
 Describe the SIT mechanisms
 Explain the issues involved in IPv4-to-IPv6
migration, including addressing and DNS
 Discuss the dual IP stack strategy and how
it will be supported
 Explain the purpose of the 6Bone
 Define tunneling and relate it to the 6Bone
 Explain how to join the 6Bone
Advanced TCP/IP
Concepts and Practices
 Routing
 TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools—Files,
Protocols and Commands
 Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks
 Network Management Fundamentals
 SNMP History, Process and Architecture
 The Management Information Base (MIB)
 SNMP in the Enterprise
Advanced TCP/IP
Concepts and Practices
 IPv6—Introduction and IPv4 Comparison
 IPv6 Address Architecture
 IPv6 Header and Extension Headers
 IPv6 Address Architecture
 IPv6 Routing and Security
 Reduced Network Management with IPv6
 Transitioning to IPv6