Transcript Slides for Chapter 3: Networking and Internetworking

Slides for Chapter 3:
Networking and Internetworking
From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair
Distributed Systems:
Concepts and Design
Edition 5, © Addison-Wesley 2012
Figure 3.1
Network performance
km
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.2
Conceptual layering of protocol software
Message received
Message sent
Layer n
Layer 2
Layer 1
Sender
Communication
medium
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Recipient
Figure 3.3
Encapsulation as it is applied in layered protocols
Application-layer message
Presentation header
Session header
Transport header
Netw ork header
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.4
Protocol layers in the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
Message received
Message sent
Layers
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Netw ork
Data link
Physical
Sender
Communication
medium
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Recipient
Figure 3.5
OSI protocol summary
Layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Description
Protocols that are designed to meet the communication requirements of
specific applications, often defining the interface to a service.
Protocols at this level transmit data in a network representation that is
independent of the representations used in individual computers, which may
differ. Encryption is also performed in this layer, if required.
At this level reliability and adaptation are performed, such as detection of
failures and automatic recovery.
This is the lowest level at which messages (rather than packets) are handled.
Messages are addressed to communication ports attached to processes,
Protocols in this layer may be connection-oriented or connectionless.
Transfers data packets between computers in a specific network. In a WAN
or an internetwork this involves the generation of a route passing through
routers. In a single LAN no routing is required.
Responsible for transmission of packets between nodes that are directly
connected by a physical link. In a WAN transmission is between pairs of
routers or between routers and hosts. In a LAN it is between any pair of hosts.
The circuits and hardware that drive the network. It transmits sequences of
binary data by analogue signalling, using amplitude or frequency modulation
of electrical signals (on cable circuits), light signals (on fibre optic circuits)
or other electromagnetic signals (on radio and microwave circuits).
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Examples
HTTP, FTP , SMTP,
CORBA IIOP
Secure Sockets
(SSL),CORBA Data
Rep.
TCP, UDP
IP, ATM virtual
circuits
Ethernet MAC,
ATM cell transfer,
PPP
Ethernet base- band
signalling, ISDN
Figure 3.6
Internetwork layers
Message
Layers
Application
Internetw ork
protocols
Transport
Internetw ork
Internetw ork packets
Netw ork interface
Netw ork-specific packets
Underlying
netw ork
protocols
Underlying netw ork
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.7
Routing in a wide area network
A
1
2
Hosts
or local
B
Links
3
4
networks
C
5
D
6
E
Routers
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.8
Routing tables for the network in Figure 3.7
Routings from A
Routings from B
Routings from C
To
Link
Cost
To
Link
Cost
To
Link
Cost
A
B
C
D
E
local
1
1
3
1
0
1
2
1
2
A
B
C
D
E
1
local
2
1
4
1
0
1
2
1
A
B
C
D
E
2
2
local
5
5
2
1
0
2
1
Routings from D
Routings from E
To
Link
Cost
To
Link
Cost
A
3
1
A
4
2
B
3
2
B
4
1
C
6
2
C
5
1
0
D
6
1
1
E
D
E
local
6
local
0
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.9
Pseudo-code for RIP routing algorithm
Send: Each t seconds or when Tl changes, send Tl on each non-faulty outgoing link.
Receive: Whenever a routing table Tr is received on link n:
for all rows Rr in Tr {
if (Rr.link | n) {
Rr.cost = Rr.cost + 1;
Rr.link = n;
if (Rr.destination is not in Tl) add Rr to Tl;
// add new destination to Tl
else for all rows Rl in Tl {
if (Rr.destination = Rl.destination and
(Rr.cost < Rl.cost or Rl.link = n)) Rl = Rr;
// Rr.cost < Rl.cost : remote node has better route
// Rl.link = n : remote node is more authoritative
}
}
}
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.10
Simplified view of part of a university campus network
router/
138.37.95.241firewall
hammer
Campus 138.37.95.240/29
subnet
router
Staff subnet
138.37.88
compute
server
bruno
138.37.88.249
☎
138.37.88.251
Student subnet
138.37.94.251 138.37.94
Eswitch
Eswitch
file server/
gateway
custard
138.37.94.246
dialup
server
henry
138.37.88.230
other
servers
file
server
hotpoint
138.37.88.162
web
server
copper
138.37.88.248
hub
desktop computers
Campus
router
138.37.95.248/29
subnet
printers
hub
138.37.88.xx
desktop computers
sickle
router/
138.37.95.249firewall
138.37.94.xx
100 Mbps Ethernet
1000 Mbps Ethernet
Eswitch: Ethernet switch
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.11
Tunnelling for IPv6 migration
IPv6 encapsulated in IPv4 packets
IPv4 network
A
IPv6
IPv6
Encapsulators
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
B
Figure 3.12
TCP/IP layers
Message
Layers
Application
Messages (UDP) or Streams (TCP)
Transport
UDP or TCP packets
Internet
IP datagrams
Network interface
Network-specific frames
Underlying network
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.13
Encapsulation in a message transmitted via TCP over an Ethernet
Application message
TCP header
IP header
Ethernet header
port
TCP
IP
Ethernet frame
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.14
The programmer's conceptual view of a TCP/IP Internet
Application
Application
TCP
UDP
IP
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.15
Internet address structure, showing field sizes in bits
Class A:
Class B:
0
7
24
Netw ork ID
Host ID
1 0
14
16
Netw ork ID
Host ID
28
Class C:
1 1 0
21
8
Netw ork ID
Host ID
28
Class D (multicast):
1 1 1 0
Multicast address
27
Class E (reserved):
1 1 1 1 0
unused
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.16
Decimal representation of Internet addresses
octet 1
octet 2
Network ID
Class A:
1 to 127
octet 3
Host ID
0 to 255
0 to 255
Network ID
Class B:
128 to 191
192 to 223
0 to 255
Host ID
0 to 255
0 to 255
Network ID
Class C:
Range of
addresses
0 to 255
0 to 255
Host ID
0 to 255
1 to 254
Multicast address
Class D (multicast):
224 to 239
0 to 255
0 to 255
1 to 254
Class E (reserved):
240 to 255
0 to 255
0 to 255
1 to 254
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
1.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.25
5
128.0.0.0 to
191.255.255.25
5
192.0.0.0 to
223.255.255.25
5
224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.25
5
240.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.25
5
Figure 3.17
IP packet layout
header
IP address of source
IP address of destination
up to 64 kilobytes
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
data
Figure 3.18
A typical NAT-based home network
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.19
IPv6 header layout
Version (4
Traffic class (8
bits)Payload length
bits)
(16
bits)
Flow label (20
Nextbits)
header (8
bits)
Hop limit (8
bits)
Source
(128 bits)
address
Destination
(128 bits)
address
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.20
The MobileIP routing mechanism
Sende
r
Address of
FA
returned to
sender
Subsequent IP
packets
tunnelled to
FA
Mobile host
MH
First IP
packet
addressed to
MH
Interne
t
Hom
e
agen
t
Foreign agent
FA
First IP
packet
tunnelled to
FA
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.21
Firewall configurations
a) Filtering router
Router/
filter
Protected intranet
Internet
w eb/ftp
server
b) Filtering router and bastion
R/filter
Bastion
Internet
w eb/ftp
server
c) Screened subnet for bastion
R/filter
Bastion
R/filter
Internet
w eb/ftp
server
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.22
IEEE 802 network standards
IEEE No.
Name
Title
Reference
802.3
Ethernet
CSMA/CD Networks (Ethernet)
[IEEE 1985a]
802.4
Token Bus Networks
[IEEE 1985b]
802.5
Token Ring Networks
[IEEE 1985c]
802.6
Metropolitan Area Networks
[IEEE 1994]
802.11
WiFi
Wireless Local Area Networks
[IEEE 1999]
802.15.1
Bluetooth
Wireless Personal Area Networks
[IEEE 2002]
802.15.4
ZigBee
Wireless Sensor Networks
[IEEE 2003]
802.16
WiMAX
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
[IEEE 2004a]
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.23
Ethernet ranges and speeds
10Base5
10BaseT
100BaseT
1000BaseT
10 Mbps
10 Mbps
100 Mbps
1000 Mbps
Twisted wire (UTP)
100 m
100 m
100 m
25 m
Coaxial cable (STP)
500 m
500 m
500 m
25 m
Multi-mode fibre
2000 m
2000 m
500 m
500 m
Mono-mode fibre
25000 m
25000 m
20000 m
2000 m
Data rate
Max. segment lengths:
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.24
Wireless LAN configuration
A
B
C
Laptops
radio obstruction
Palmtop
Server
D
Wireless
LAN
E
Base station/
access point
LAN
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 3.25
Bluetooth frame structure
bits: 72
18
18
18
0 - 2744
Access code
Header
copy 1
Header
copy 2
Header
copy 3
Data for transmission
Header
bits: 3
1
1
1
4
8
Destination
Flow
Ack
Seq
Type
Header checksum
Address within
Piconet
= ACL, SCO,
poll, null
SCO packets (e.g. for voice data) have a 240-bit payload containing 80 bits
of data triplicated, filling exactly one timeslot.
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012