Transcript Computer Components

Computer Components
Computer Components




Hardware
Software
Database systems
Emerging technologies
Hardware
Hardware
 Any machinery that assists in the input,
processing, storage, and output activities of
an information system
 When making hardware decisions, businesses
must consider how the hardware can support
 Objectives of the information system
 Goals of the organization
Computer Hardware





Processor
Memory
Secondary storage
Input/Output device
Networking
Computer Hardware (Contd.)
Source: Reynolds, 200x, Management Information Systems, 6th Edition, Course Technology
Moore’s Law
 Transistor densities on a single chip double
every two years
 In 2009, the size of transistor is 11 nm.; A single
chip contains 4 billion transistors
 In 2029, the size of transistor would likely to be 1
nm; A single chip would contain 4,096 transistors
Year 2029?
MS Windows System Requirement
3.0
95
98
XP
Vista
7
Year
1990
1995
1998
2001
2006
2010
CPU
6MHz
16MHz
50MHz
233MHz
1GHz
1GHz
Memory
640KB
4MB
16MB
64MB
1GB
512MB
Storage
6-7MB
35-55MB
120-355MB
1.5GB
15GB
20GB
Video Card
CGA, EGA,
VGA
VGA, SVGA
VGA, SVGA
SVGA
SVGA
SVGA
OS
MS Dos 3.1
-
-
-
-
-
PC Price
N/A
$1,926
$1,619
$1,163
$801
$300
Laptop
Price
N/A
$2,819
$2,395
$1,876
$1,256
$600
Processor
 Also called Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 An electronic circuit that can execute
computer programs
 Often measured in:
 Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
 Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second
Memory
 Main memory
 Located physically close to the CPU, but not on
the CPU chip itself
 Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU
 Storage Capacity
 Eight bits together form a byte (B)
Memory (Contd.)
 Random access memory (RAM)
 Temporary and volatile
 Types of RAM
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
 Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR
SDRAM)
 Static RAM (SRAM)
Memory (Contd.)
 Read-only memory (ROM)
 Nonvolatile
 Provides permanent storage for data and
instructions that do not change
 Store Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
 Cache memory
 High-speed memory that a processor can access
more rapidly than main memory
Secondary Storage
 Compared with memory, offers the
advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity,
and greater economy
 On a cost-per-megabyte basis
 Most forms of secondary storage are considerably
less expensive than primary memory
 Storage media that allow faster access
 Generally more expensive than slower media
Secondary Storage (Contd.)





Magnetic tapes
Magnetic disks
RAID
Virtual tape
Optical disks
Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 Solid state drive
Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)
 RAID 0 (Striped disks)
 Distributing data across several disks to improve speed
 RAID 1 (Mirror disks)
 Mirroring data
 RAID 10 or RAID 1+0
 Strip + Mirror
Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 RAID (Contd.)
 RAID 5 (Striped disks with parity)
 Combining 3+ disks to protect against the loss of one
disk
 RAID 6 (Striped disks with dual parity)
 Combining 4+ disks to protect against the loss of two
disk
Secondary Storage (Contd.)
 Enterprise storage options
 Direct-attached storage (DAS)
 Network-attached storage (NAS)
 Storage area network (SAN)
Secondary Storage (Contd.)
NAS
SAN
Wires
TCP/IP Networks, Ethernet, FDDI,
ATM
Fiber channel
Protocols
TCP/IP, NFS/CIFS/HTTP
Encapsulated SCSI
Compatibility
Any machine that can connect to
LAN
Server class devices with SCSI
FS Mgmt.
FS is managed by NAS head unit
FS is managed by servers
Usability
Easier to understand and manage
Harder to understand and manage
(Fiber channel, hardware issues, etc.)
Tape Backup
Harder and slower
Easier and faster (image backup)
Upper limit
Lower
Higher
Costs
Cheaper (Existing equipments)
More expensive (Fiber channel)
Input Devices
 Personal computer input devices
 Keyboard
 Mouse






Speech-recognition technology
Digital cameras
Terminals
Scanning devices
Optical data readers
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
Input Devices (Contd.)








Magnetic stripe card
Point-of-sale devices
Automated teller machine (ATM) devices
Pen input devices
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar-code scanners
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Quick Response (QR) Code scanners
Output Devices






Display monitors
Plasma displays
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Organic light-emitting diodes
Printers and plotters
Digital audio player
Quick Assignment #1
Quick Assignment #1
 15 minutes
 Form two groups of 4-5 people
 Quote for cost of a laptop (hardware only)
which can run SAP Business ByDesign client
efficiently
 Strive for the lowest cost!
SAP System Requirements
 Source:
 http://www.sap.com/solutions/technology/cloud/business-bydesign/implement/requirements.epx
 Recommended System
 CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo (2.4 GHz)
 Memory: 2 GB
Sample System
 ACER Aspire 4752G-52454G75Mncc





CPU: Intel Core i5-2450M (2.50 GHz)
Memory: 4GB DDR3
HDD: 750 GB
Monitor: 14”
Price: 21,900 THB
Source: http://www.chichang.com
Software
Types of Software
 System software
 Application software
Types of Software (Contd.)
 System software
 Controls operations of computer hardware
 Supports application programs’ problem-solving
capabilities
 Examples
 Operating systems
 Utility programs
 Middleware
Types of Software (Contd.)
 Application software
 Interact with systems software
 Help performing common tasks, such as:
 Creating and formatting text documents
 Performing calculations
 Managing information
 Examples




Word processing & spreadsheet
Database
Email
Etc
System Software: Operating Systems
 Set of programs that controls computer hardware
and acts as an interface with application programs
 Tasks performed by OS






Common computer hardware functions
User interface and input/output management
Task processing and management
System memory and resource management
File management
Networking
System Software: Operating Systems (Contd.)
System Software: Operating Systems (Contd.)
Personal
Workgroup
Enterprise
Windows 8, Windows
Mobile
Windows Server 2012
Windows Server 2012
Mac OS X, iOS 6
Mac OS X Server
UNIX
UNIX
UNIX
Solaris
Solaris
Solaris
Linux, Meego
Linux
Linux
IBM i7.1/OS and IBM
z/OS
IBM i7.1/OS and IBM
z/OS
HP-UX 11i v3
HP-UX 11i v3
Chrome OS, Android OS
System Software: Operating Systems: Market Share 2012
Source: http://netmarketshare.com (February 2012)
System Software: Operating Systems: Market Share 2012:
Mobile
Source: International Data Corporation (June 2012)
System Software: Operating Systems: Trends: Mobile
Source: 25labs.com (September, 2011)
System Software: Utility Programs







Hardware utilities
Security Utilities
File-compression utilities
Spam and pop-up blocker utilities
Network and Internet utilities
Server and mainframe utilities
Other utilities




Manages and protects corporate documents
Helps people with visual disabilities use the Internet
Monitors employees
Searches for files and documents
System Software: Middleware
 Software that allows different systems to
communicate and exchange data
 Can also be used as an interface between the
Internet and older legacy systems
Application Software
 Mode of application software
 Proprietary software
 Off-the-shelf software
Application Software: Modes
 Proprietary software
 One-of-a-kind program for a specific application,
usually developed and owned by a single
company
 Off-the-shelf software
 Generally software, that are ready-made and
available for sale, lease, or license to the general
public
Application Software: Types
 Types of application software
 Personal application software
 Workgroup application software
 Enterprise application software
Application Software: Personal
 Personal Application Software








Word processing
Spreadsheet analysis
Presentation software
Database applications
Graphics program
Personal information managers
Software suites and integrated software packages
Other personal application software
Application Software: Workgroup
 Workgroup Application Software
 Support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or
dispersed around the world
 Groupware
 Software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and
effectively
 Example





Online chat
Instant messaging
Telephony
Videoconferencing
Application sharing
Application Software: Enterprise
 Enterprise Application Software
 Software that benefits an entire organization
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software
 Set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital
business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
 Example





SAP R/3
Maximo (MRO)
Oracle e-Business Suite
QAD Enterprise Applications
Visual Enterprise
Programming Language
 Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for
constructing statements
 By which humans can communicate instructions to be
executed by a computer
 Program code
 Set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuitswitching operations
 Syntax
 Set of rules associated with a programming language
History of Programming Languages
The Evolution of Programming Languages
Generation Language
Development
Date
Sample of Statement or
Action
First
Machine language
1940s
00101001
Second
Assembly language
1950s
ADDCC %R1, %R2, %R4
Third
High-level language
1960s
READ GRADE
Fourth
Query and database
languages
1970s
SELECT * FROM STUDENT
WHERE GRADE = F
Beyond
Fourth
Natural and intelligent
languages
1980s
IF score is lower than 80,
THEN assign grade F
Copyrights and Licenses
 Most software products are protected by law
using copyright or licensing provisions
 In some cases, you are given unlimited use of
software on one or two computers
 In other cases, you pay for your usage - if you use
the software more, you pay more
 Some software now requires that you register
or activate it before it can be fully used
 or cracked?
Open-Source Software
 Software freely available to anyone in a form
that can be easily modified
 More reliable and secure than commercial
software
 Can contain hidden costs, particularly for user
support or solving problems with the software
Open-Source Licenses






GPL (GNU General Public License)
LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License)
BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
Jabber
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
Others
 Apple Public
 Artistic 2.0
 Common Public
 MIT (X11)
 MPL
 Python
 QPL
 Sleepycat
 Sun Public
Open-Source Licenses (Contd.)
GPL
BSD
Proprietary software
linking
Not allowed (since the linked
software is considered a whole)
Allowed
Distribution of “the
Work”
Not allowed with software
whose license is not GNU GPL
compatible
Allowed
Redistribution of the
code with changes
Only if the derivative is GNU GPL
Allowed
Compatible with GNU
GPL
Yes
Only the modified BSD license is
compatible with GPL. The original
BSD license is not compatible
because it includes a weird
advertising clause
Commercial VS Open-Source
Software
Commercial
Open-Source
Operating System
MS Windows
Linux
Application Software
MS Office
Open Office
Database
Oracle
MySQL
Internet Browser
Internet Explorer
Firefox
Photo Editing
Adobe Photoshop
Gimp
Project Management
MS Project
Openproj
Personal Accounting
Baan
Grisbi
E-mail
MS Outlook
Thunderbird
Database Systems
Database Management
 Without data and the ability to process it an
organization could not successfully complete
most business activities
 For data to be transformed into useful
information, it must first be organized in a
meaningful way
The Hierarchy of Data
 Bit
 Circuit that is either on or off
 Byte
 Eight bits = one byte
 Character
 Basic building block of information
 Word
 A combination of characters or bytes
 Field
 Name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect
of a business object or activity
The Hierarchy of Data (Contd.)
 Record
 Collection of related data fields
 File
 Collection of related records
 Database
 Collection of integrated and related files
 Hierarchy of data
 Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases
The Hierarchy of Data (Contd.)
Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (Contd.)
Manipulating Data
 Selecting
 Eliminates rows according to criteria
 Projecting
 Eliminates columns in a table
 Joining
 Combines two or more tables
 Linking
 Combines two or more tables using common data
attributes
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
 Group of programs used as an interface
between a database and application programs
or a database and the user
 Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds
of purposes
Database Management Systems (Contd.)
Selecting a Database Management System
 Important characteristics of databases:






Database size
Database cost
Concurrent users
Performance
Integration
Vendor
Comparisons of Popular Databases
MS Access
MS SQL
Server
Oracle
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Maintainer
Microsoft
Microsoft
Oracle Corporation
Sun Microsystems
PostgreSQL Glob.
Dev. Grp.
License
Proprietary
Proprietary
Proprietary
GPL
BSD
OS
Windows
Windows
Windows, Mac OS
X, Linux, UNIX
Windows, Mac OS
X, Linux, BSD,
UNIX, Symbian
Windows, Mac OS
X, Linux, BSD, UNIX
Interface
GUI & SQL
GUI & SQL
SQL
SQL
SQL
Max DB size
2 GB
524,258 TB
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
Max table size
2 GB
524,258 TB
4 GB * block size
2 GB (FAT32) to 16
TB (Solaris)
32 TB
Max columns per
row
255
30,000
1,000
4,096
250-1,600 (vary by
type)
Union/Intersect/E
xcept
Y/?/?
Y/Y/Y
Y/Y/Y
Y/N/N
Y/Y/Y
Telecommunication and Networking
Telecommunications in Business
 Better business communication
 e-mail, voice mail, instant messaging, faxing, file transfer,
mobile telephony, and teleconferencing
 Greater efficiency
 Information delivery is immediate and not constrained by
geographical distance
 Better distribution of data
 Central storage with both local and remote access
 Yet, security in telecommunications is a challenge
Telecommunications in Daily Use





Cellular phones
Videoconferencing
Wireless payments and warehousing
Peer-to-peer file sharing
Web-empowered commerce
Telecommunications Channel Characteristics
 Simplex channel
 Transmits data in only one direction
 Half-duplex channel
 Transmits data in either direction, but not
simultaneously
 Full-duplex channel
 Permits data transmission in both directions at
the same time
Bandwidth
 Bandwidth
 Speed at which data is communicated
 Also called transmission rate or bit rate
 Bits per second (bps)
 Unit of measure for bandwidth
 Baseband
 Communications medium that can carry only one
transmission at a time
 Broadband
 Communications medium that can carry multiple
transmissions simultaneously
Bandwidth (Contd.)
Media
 Several types of communications media
 Tangible media includes:
 Twisted pair cable
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fiber
 Intangible media includes:
 Microwave radio technologies
Comparison of Networking Media
Medium
Availability
Bandwidth
Vulnerability to
Electromagnetic
Interference
Twisted pair
High
Low to medium
High
Radio waves
High
Medium to high
Low (but vulnerable to
radio frequency
interference)
Microwave
Low
High
Low
Coaxial cable
High
High
Low
Optical fiber
Moderate but growing
Highest
Nonexistent
Networking
 A combination of devices (or nodes)
connected through a communication media
 Any compatible device that can transmit
and receive on a network can be part of a
network
Types of Networks
 Computer networks are classified by reach
and complexity
 Basic types of networks
 LANs, MANs, and WANs
 Other types of networks
 WLANs
Types of Networks (Contd.)
LAN
WAN
Networking Hardware
 Network interface card (NIC)
 Connects a device to a hub, switch, bridge, or
router, which connects to a LAN or WAN
 Switch
 A hub that sends communications only to
designated devices on the network
 Router
 Routes data packets to the next node on the path
to the final destination
Networking Software
 Network operating system (NOS)
 Systems software that controls the computer
systems and devices on a network
 Network management software
 Protects software from being copied, modified, or
downloaded illegally
 Locate errors and potential network problems
TCP/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol
 TCP ensures packets arrive accurately and in
proper order
 IP ensures efficient delivery of packets from node
to node
 DNS (Domain Name Service)
 Associates a character-based name with an IP
address
TCP/IP (Contd.)
 IP number
 Unique numerical identification for a network device
 Static IP address
 A permanent address assigned to a device
 Dynamic IP address
 Temporary IP number assigned to a device for the
duration of the connection
 Provides flexibility when the number of IP addresses is
limited
TCP/IP (Contd.)
 IPv6
 Shorthand notation based on the Hex system
 Example of an IPv6 address in Hex shorthand
notation:
 FDDC:AC10:8132:BA32:4F12:1070:DD13:6921
Wireless Protocols
 IEEE 802.11
 A family of wireless protocols known as Wi-Fi
(Wireless Fidelity)
 Supports wireless communication within 100
meters of router
 802.11 subtypes support various distances and
speeds up to 248 Mbps
Wireless Protocols (Contd.)
Protocol
Max Range
Max Speed
Main Use
802.11a
75 m
54 Mbps
LAN
802.11b
100 m
11 Mbps
LAN
802.11g
100 m
54 Mbps
LAN
802.11n
160 m
248 Mbps
LAN
802.15 Bluetooth 10 m
1 Mbps
PAN
802.16 WiMax
50 km
100 Mbps
MAN
802.20 MBWA
Global
4 Mbps
Mobile voice,
data, Internet
Generations in Mobile
Communications
 Networking professionals refer to generations of
mobile communication technologies
 First generation (1G: 1980s)
 Analog
 Second generation (2G: 1991)
 Used digital voice encoding
 Third generation (3G: 2001)
 Increased speeds that support video, videoconferencing, Internet
access
 Fourth Generation (4G: 2010)
 Digital only, with packet switching and tighter security
Emerging Technologies
Parallel Computing
 Parallel computing
 Simultaneous execution of the same task on
multiple processors to obtain results faster
 Massively parallel processing
 Systems with thousands of such processors
 Grid computing
 Use of a collection of computers to work in a
coordinated manner to solve a common problem
Cloud Computing
 Uses giant cluster of computers, that serves as
a host, to run applications that require highperformance computing
 Supports a wider variety of applications than
grid computing
 Pools computing resources so they can be
managed primarily by software rather than
people
Green Computing
 The study and practice of using computing resources
efficiently
 To account for the triple bottom line
 Triple bottom line
 People, Planet, Profit
 Social, Ecological, Economic success
 Processes
 Reduce the use of hazardous materials
 Maximize energy efficiency
 Promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct
products and factory waste
Server Consolidation
 An approach to the efficient usage of
computer server resources in order to reduce
the total number of servers or server locations
that an organization requires
Augmented Reality
 Enhancing personal
perception by
augmenting media
onto reality.
Quick Assignment #2
Quick Assignment #2
 15 minutes
 Form two groups of 4-5 people
 Quote for cost of an office computer with an
ERP package
 Strive for the lowest cost!
Sample Software
Software
Product
Price (Baht)
Operating System
Linux
0.00
Word Processor
Open Office
0.00
PDF Reader
Foxit Reader
0.00
Graphic Editor
Gimp
0.00
Media Player
VLC Media Player
0.00
ERP
Open Bravo
0.00
Total
Free!
Capstone Exercise