Transcript The European Age of Exploration

The European Age of
Exploration
“Old Imperialism” and The Birth of
the Global Economy
The Motives
Fantastic lands
Economic Motives
Religious Zeal
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Fantastic Lands
The Travels of John Mandeville
Spoke of 30 foot giants
Spoke of man-eating people
Mysterious Christian kingdoms
Mandeville had never traveled there
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Fantastic Lands
The Polos of Venice: Niccolo, Maffeo, and
Niccolo’s son, Marco
Traveled to the court of Mongol leader,
Khubilia Khan
Marco’s experiences in Travels
Economic Motives
Expanding the economic themes of the
Renaissance, merchants, adventurers, and
government officials were interested in direct
route to the East
-Spices
-Precious metals
-New areas of trade
Arab Intermediaries were expensive
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Economic Motives
The conquests of the Ottoman Turks and the
breakdown of the Mongol Empire closed
the door over land No more Silk Road
Europeans now became interested in
reaching eastern land by sea
Christopher Columbus has copy of Marco
Polo’s Travels when his Atlantic vision of a
voyage began
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Religious Zeal
A crusading mentality, particularly with Spain
and Portugal, to bring Christianity to the
“heathens”
Prince Henry, the Navigator, said to be
motivated by “his great desire to make
increase in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ
and bring him to all the souls that should be
saved”
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Religious Zeal
Hernan Cortez, conqueror of Mexico, saw it
as his duty to instruct the natives in the
“holy Catholic faith”
Spiritual and secular affairs both played a
part in the desire to conquer new lands
Money, glory, intellectual curiosity, and
spirit of adventure all played a role as well
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The Means
Money
Maps
Ships and Sailing
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Money
Growth of central monarchies during
Renaissance increased authority and resources
Permitted nations to turn their energies beyond
their borders
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Three Major Countries
France—invasion of
Italy
Portugal—going
abroad
Spain—both Europe
and beyond
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Wealth and
technology enables
three countries to look
beyond borders
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Maps
Portolani (charts) of medieval navigators and
mathematicians in 13th and 14th centuries were
better than maps
More details of coastal regions and distances
Drawn of flat scale—no consideration for earth’s
curve
Good for short journeys only
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Maps
When seafarers began
to venture away from
coasts
Travel risks had to be
taken before quality
maps were available
knowledge of the
world’s shape
increased
By end of 15th century,
maps were fairly
accurate
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Ships and Sailing
New seaworthy ships developed by
Europeans
-Axial rudders—import from China
-Lateen sails
-Square rig
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Ships and Sailing
Mobil for warfare
Could sail against wind
Carry heavy cannon
Quadrant was useless below the equator—
depended on position of Pole Star
Compass and astrolabe helped
Wind patterns learned
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Causes Summed up:
Christian Crusaders in 11th to 13th centuries created
European interest in Asia and Middle East
Mongol domination of central Asia disrupted flow of goods
over the Silk Road routes after conquest of Constantinople
in 1453
Desire to spread Christian religion; Francis Xavier
Catholic missionary in 16th c.
Rise of nation states (“New Monarchs”) resulted in
capitalist investments in overseas exploration
Portugal and Spain sought to break the Italian (Venetian)
monopoly on trade with Asia.
Technology facilitated sea travel: astrolabe, better maps
Impact of Renaissance: search for knowledge, adventurism,
monopoly of Italian trade with East
Portugal: Explorers
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460):
financed exploration, established schools
Bartholomew Diaz (1450-1500): rounded
southern tip of Africa
Vasco da Gama (1469-1525): route to
India
Portugal: Explorers
Alphonso d’Albuquerque (1453-1515):
advanced the three-fold Portuguese grand scheme of
combating Islam, spreading Christianity and securing the
trade of spices and the establishment of a vast Portuguese
Asian empire: Governor,Captain-General of the Seas of
India, Viceroy of India, First Duke of Goa
Pedro Cabral (1467-1520): The discoverer of Brazil.
Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast
of South America and claimed it for Portugal. Establish trade relations
in India after De Gama
Amerigo Vespucci: Martin Waldseemüller named the
new continent America after the navigator and Map maker that first
suggested America was not part of India but an entire different
continent
Cartography
Martin Behaim (1459-1507) and Schoner
Martin Waldseemuller – created map in 1507 based
on Amerigo Vespuci’s voyages – gave name
“America”
SPANISH EXPLORATION
Spain had the largest overseas empire.
Christopher Columbus Italian Financed by
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain(1451-1506) –
pursuing western route to Asia
Columbus: 1492: Sailed to find a water route
to India but landed in Haiti and the Dominican
Republic. Sailed to Cuba
Three more voyages brought Spanish colonization
to the Caribbean region.
New Voyages
Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521):
Sailed through strait
name for him
Across Pacific to
Philippines
Killed by Philippine
natives
Only 1 of 5 ships
returned to Spain
First circumnavigation of
the globe , Journey took
3 Years
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Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire
Spanish expedition under
Hernando Cortez landed at
Veracruz
People had grown tired of
Aztec rule
Cortez made allies with
some states
Upon arriving in
Tenochtitlan, the Aztec
leader, Moctezuma,
mistook him for a god
who had departed and had
now returned
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Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire
Moctezuma received Cortez graciously and
heaped gifts of gold and other items on
him—Moctezuma being filled with fear
Spaniards wore out their welcome and
within a year the local natives attempted to
expel them
Spaniards fled but Aztec people fell dead by
the thousand from smallpox
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Spanish Conquest of the Aztec
Empire
Aztec people had no natural immunity
Cortez received fresh soldiers, 50,000 alone from Tlaxcala
After 4 months, Cortez entered the city and saw the
devastation of the disease
Spanish committed great destruction
Leveled pyramids, temples, and palaces
Used stones to build government buildings
Rivers and canals filled in
Between 1531-1550, Spanish controlled northern Mexico
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Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire
Francisco Pizarro
landed on Pacific
coast of South
America December
1530
Had 180 men, steel
weapons, gunpowder
and horses, all
unknown to Incas
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Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire
The Incans had
already been
devastated by
smallpox and were in
the middle of a civil
war
All good news for
Pizarro
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Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire
 Pizarro’s troops,
including many Incan
allies, and technology
overwhelmed the Inca
 He executed the
leader of the Inca
 Pizarro established
Lima as the capital of
new colony
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SPANISH EXPORATION
Ponce de Leon: 1512: Landed in Florida looking for gold
and the fountain of youth--found neither.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1517): cross the Isthmus of
Panama, first European to see the Pacific Ocean
Bartholomew de Las Cases: led missionaries to the New
World and protested slavery and the poor treatment of the
Indians.
Mestizos: mixed white and Indian descent
Creoles: American-born Spaniards.
Encomienda system: Indians worked for owner certain #
days per week; retained other parcels to work for
themselves.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Line of Demarcation
established by Pope
Alexander VI (Spaniard) in
1493 between Portuguese and
Spanish territories.
Renegotiated by King John II
of Portugal and Ferdinand
and Isabella of Spain to be
moved 270 leagues further
west.
Establish Spanish domination
in the New World and
Portuguese domination in
Asia for the next century
NEW RIVALS ON THE
WORLD STAGE
In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain had been the first
Atlantic nations to take advantage of the Age of Exploration.
In the 17th century, England, France, and the Dutch would
move forward to replace the Portuguese and Spanish,
impacting much of the rest of the world.
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DUTCH & SWEDISH
EXPLORATION
Hudson: 1609: Dutch: explored New York,
Delaware, NY Bay, & Hudson River Valley.
Colonization. Establishment of New Amsterdam on
Manhattan Island
Tasman: discovered Australia & New Zealand.
Worked for Dutch E. India Co. in the mid-1600’s
Dutch explorers took over many Portuguese colonies
in the far east in the 1600’s
1638-1655: Sweden claimed the lower Delaware
Bay Region.
FRENCH EXPLORATION
Giovanni da Verrazano (1480-1527): explored northern
Atlantic coast of modern-day U.S. Discovered the
Hudson river & with Cartier, claimed Canada for France.
Samuel de Champlain: “Father of New France”
explored the St. Lawrence Valley
LaSalle: explored the Mississippi Valley
Marquette & Joliet: Explored the great lakes region
France moved into Canada, W. Indies, and Louisiana.
Jacques Cartier (1491-1557): search for Northwest
Passage (explored Canada)
England
John Cabot: (1425-1500) 1497 & 1498: 2 trips
to find the NW passage. Explored Newfoundland
Sir Francis Drake (1540-1596): led English
“sea dogs” against Spanish shipping raiding
Spanish galleons circumnavigated the globe
Sir Martin Frobisher (1535-1594): northeastern
Canadian coast
Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), Roanoke
Settlement, Attempted to colonize Virginia
Cook: explored Australia and New Zealand-claimed it for the British
Africa: The Slave State
Originally, explorers
were trying to sail
around Africa, but soon
discovered they could
prosper by exploring
Africa itself
The Portuguese had
built trading forts along
the west coast, to be
seized later by Dutch
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Africa: The Slave State
Dutch East India Trading Company
established by government sponsorship
Established settlement at Cape of Good Hope
Re-supply point for Dutch ships sailing to Spice
Islands
Developed into permanent colony
Dutch farmers (Boers) settled outside Cape Town
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Africa: The Slave Trade
Coastal colonies did not effect most of
native African living inland
People living on or near the coast, however,
were impacted
During the 16th thru the 18th centuries,
millions of Africans were taken as slaves
and moved to the New World
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Origins of the Slave Trade
Traffic in slaves was
nothing new
Had been practiced in
Africa since ancient
times
By the 15th century, it
was continuing at a
steady level
Primary market had
been in Middle East
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Origins of the Slave Trade
Portuguese began
replacing European
slaves with those from
Africa
About 1000 slaves per
year delivered to
Portugal
Most wound up as
domestic servants to
wealthy Europeans
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Origins of the Slave Trade
Two things that
changed the slave
trade
Discovery of Americas
Planting of sugar cane
in South America and
the Caribbean
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Origins of the Slave Trade
Sugar caner introduced from Middle East to
Europeans during Crusades
Portuguese established sugar plantations off
African coast
Extended plantations to eastern Brazil and
the Caribbean
Indian populations decimated by disease
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Origins of the Slave Trade
Better climate in Brazil and Caribbean for
sugar cane than in Africa
African slaves shipped to South America and
Caribbean
First African slave shipments occured from
Portugal
First African slave shipments directly from
Africa was via a Spanish ship
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Growth of the Slave Trade
Next two centuries saw triangular trade
connecting Europe, Africa, and American
continents
European ships carried manufactured goods
(guns, gin, cloth) to Africa in trade for slaves
Slaves were shipped to Americas for farm
goods (tobacco, rum, coffee, cotton, etc)
Ships returned to Europe with goods
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Triangular Trade
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Growth of the Slave Trade
Time Frame
16th Century
17th Century
18th Century
19th Century
Note: About half transported
in British ships, the rest in
French, Dutch, Portuguese,
Danish, later, American
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Numbers of Slaves
275,000
1,000,000
6,000,000
2,000,000
Note: About 5% were shipped
to the United States
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Growth of the Slave Trade
Journey of slaves from Africa is known as
the Middle Passage
The high death rate was one reason for so
many being shipped
Closely packed, 300-450 per ship
Chained in holds without sanitary conditions
Trip lasted 100 days; 10% death rate
Death rates higher once at destination
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Middle Passage
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Growth of Slave Trade
Death rates lower for slaves born in New
World—immunity from diseases
Slaves not encouraged to have children—
buying slaves cheaper than raising them
Europeans first bought slaves at slave
markets by trading gold, guns, textiles, etc.
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Growth of Slave Trade
There have always been those who have stated
their concerns about slavery
Letter from King of the Congo to King of
Portugal, “So great, sire, is the corruption and
licentiousness that out country is being completely
depopulated”
Europeans and Africans ignored protests—
local African rulers saw slavery as income
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Growth of Slave Trade
 African middle men—
merchants, local elites,
or rulers—were active
in the process
 Often able to dictate
price and number of
slaves to Europeans
 Payment to slave
merchant was often made
in textiles, furniture, and
guns
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Effects of the Slave Trade
 Tragic effects on slaves
and their families
 Cheap manufactured
from Europe
undermined the local
cottage industries,
forcing people into
poverty
 African communities
deprived of best young
men and women
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Effects of the Slave Trade
African wars over
slaves
Decline in the quality
and character of
African states
Europeans continued
to view blacks as
inferior
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Effects of the Slave Trade
For a long time, the use of African slaves was
acceptable to Western society
The Society of Friends (Quakers) began to
criticize slavery in 1770s
Radical stage of French Revolution abolished
slavery in 1790s
British followed the French in 1807
Slavery continued in the U.S. until 1860s
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China
Portuguese drop
anchor at China 1514
First time since Marco
Polo
China was most
magnificent
civilization on earth at
that time
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The Ming and Qing Dynasties
Ming had conquered Mongolia and
extended into Vietnam
Suffering of epidemic caused uprising
Revolt led by Li Zicheng
Last Ming ruler committed suicide
Manchus of Manchuria defeated Li
Created a new dynasty: Qing (pure)
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The Ming and Qing Dynasties
Qing blessed with
good rulers
Good economy
Restored peace
Two monarchs: Kangxi
and Qianlong
• Responsible for
greatness of Manchu
China
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Western Inroads
By 1750s, China was showing strains of
military campaigns and population pressure
for land
Meanwhile, European nations were growing
strong and putting pressure on China
Russia and China had trade agreement for
furs and skins
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Western Inroads
England was replacing Portugal as the main
European country trading with China
England operated through the East India
Company, establishing its first trading post at
Canton in 1699
Qing limited contact with the British, keeping
them outside city limits and limiting timeframe
for trade
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Western Inroads
By the 18th century, the British wanted more
access
The British were rejected by the Chinese
and China would later pay for its
protectionist policy
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Japan
After being near
anarchy in the 15th
century, the 16th
century saw Japan
achieve unification
Under shogun general
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Most powerful and
longest lasting
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Opening to the West
Portuguese first
European to land at
Japanese ports in 1543
Francis Xavier
converted some
Japanese to
Christianity
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Opening to the West
Initially, visitors were
welcome—the
Japanese being curious
about European goods
and using weapons
and firearms to defeat
enemies and unify
islands
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Opening the West
When missionaries interfered with local
politics, Tokugawa expelled them
European traders were also expelled except
for a small contingent of Dutch
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The Americas
In the 16th century, Spain and Portugal had
established colonies in the Americas
By the 17th century, the British, French, and
Dutch also sought colonial empires in the
New World
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The Americas
Spain and Portugal
The West Indies
The British and the French
The “Sugar Factories”
North America
The Dutch
• New Netherlands
The English
• Jamestown (1607)
• Thirteen Colonies
The French
• Canada
The Impact of European
Expansion: The Conquered
Devastating effects to local populations in
America and Africa
Less impact in Asia
Multiracial society in Latin America
Catholic Missionaries
Conversion of native populations
Hospitals, orphanages and schools
The Jesuits in Asia
Conversions in China
Japan
The Impact of European
Expansion: The Conquerors
Opportunities for women
Economic effects
Gold and Silver
Exchange of plants and animals
Columbian Exchange
Impact on European lifestyle
Chocolate, Coffee and Tea
European rivalries
New views of the world
Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map
Psychological impact
Toward a World Economy
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
Inflation
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
Joint stock trading companies
New economic institutions
• The Bank of Amsterdam
• Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)
Agriculture
Mercantilism
Total volume of trade unchangeable
Economic activity = war through peaceful
means
Importance of bullion and favorable balance
of trade
State intervention
Overseas Trade and Colonies:
Movement Toward Globalization
Transoceanic trade very valuable
Intra European trade
Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa,
the East and the Americas
Conclusion
 At the time, exploration seen as positive
 Introduce “heathens” to Christ
 Expanded trade
 Crop exchanges
 The best with the worst
 Greedy plundering
 Repression
 Slavery
 Europeans saw their culture as worthy of
exportation throughout the world
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