Transcript Converging Cultures Prehistory to 1520

Bell Ringer
 When does the history of the Americas begin?
 If history happens and no one is around to record it,
does it make a sound?
 What do you know about early American history?
How do you know it?
Converging Cultures
Prehistory to 1520
CHAPTER 1
5 Word Prediction
 Arrange the five words below to create a sentence or
two that outlines the Asian migration to America.
Artifacts
Nomads
Land Bridge Theory
Radio carbon dating
Ice Age
The Migration to America
CHAPTER 1 SECTION 1
Clovis Culture
 Giant American Bison
roamed 13,200 – 12,900
years ago.
 Found points like these
embedded in the bison!
 Suggested that human
inhabited the Americas
7,000 years earlier than
previously thought.
The Asian Migration to America
 When the first Americans appeared remains a hotly
debated question.
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Using DNA, scientist have concluded the earliest Americans
probably came from Asia.
Radiocarbon dating- determines how old objects are.
 Nomads in search of food likely came to America
across a land bridge that connected Asia to Alaska
Homework
 Read pg. 18-19 in your textbook, “Land Bridge to
America”.
 Choose 1 of the routes to America discussed in the
reading to conduct further research on and provide
the following information:
MIGRATION THEORY
Potential Problems with the
Theory
* You may make assumptions about
the potential problems they would
have faced.
Evidence Supporting Theory
Bell Ringer
 What must be present in order for a civilization to
exist?
 Which characteristic is the most important?
 Why do some civilizations fail?
Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica
 Civilizations began to
develop as cultures
shifted from nomadic
hunters to agriculture.

Pumpkins, squash, and
MAIZE
 The Olmec civilization is
believed to be the oldest
emerging between 15001200 B.C.
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Sophisticated society with
large villages and temples.
The Mayans
 Olmec ideas spread,
influencing other people.
 The Mayan culture
emerged in the Yucatan
peninsula around 200
A.D.
 Known for their
mathematics and
engineering skills.
 Fragmented society and
exhaustion of resources
possibly led to their
downfall.
Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica
 Toltec emerged and dominated Mesoamerica around
800 A.D.
 Master architects known for their use of gold and
copper for art and jewelry.
 Fell to invaders about 1200 A.D.
Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica
 Aztec, formerly known as the Mexica, emerged in the
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1300’s.
Thought to have originated from the American
southwest.
Established the city of Tenochtitlan, present day
Mexico City.
Used military power to create a mighty empire.
Ruled through a sophisticated tribute system
Practiced human sacrifices.
Fell into decline with the arrival of Europeans.
Bell Ringer: Is Geography Destiny?
North American Cultures
Culture
Hohokam
Anasazi
Adena and
Hopewell
Mississippian
Time Period
Characteristics
Downfall
North American Cultures
 Anthropologists believe that the agricultural
technology of Mesoamerica spread into the American
Southwest and up the Miss. River.
 Hohokam
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Built a civilization in what is now south-central Arizona from
about 300-1300s.
Created an elaborate system of irrigation canals.
North American Cultures
Anasazi
Adena
 Between 700 and 900
 Mound-building
 Present day Utah,
culture.
 Originated in the Ohio
River Valley and
spread to New England
Region.
 Lasted from 1000 B.C.
to A.D. 200
Colorado, Arizona, and
NM
 Lived in pueblos
North American Cultures
 Mississippian Culture
 Maize played a vital role
in their rise along the
Miss. R. Valley.
 Cahokia
 Mississippian culture
spread along the
Missouri, Ohio, Red, and
Arkansas Rivers
Native American Cultures
CHAPTER 1 SECTION 2
Bell Ringer
 In what ways are we influenced by our
environments?
Native American Cultures
Region
The West
The Far North
The Eastern
Woodlands
Groups
Environment
Ways of
Adapting
Iroquois League
 The Iroquoian-speaking peoples included many
tribes along what is today New York state: the
Huron, Neutral, Erie, Wenro, Seneca, Cayuga,
Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk
 Lived in kinship groups, or extended families,
headed by the elder women of each clan.
 Despite their similar cultures, war often erupted
among the Iroquoian groups.
Iroquoian League
 5 of the nations – the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga,
Oneida, and Mohawk - formed an alliance to
maintain peace, known as the Iroquois League.
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Founded by Dekanawidah, a shaman and tribal elder, and
Hiawatha.
 The five nations agreed to a constitution that defined
how the confederacy worked.
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Ruling council was made up of 50 chiefs.
The women selected the council.
Native American Cultures
Region
Groups
West
Zuni
Hopi
Apache
Navajo
Far North
Inuit
Aleut
Eastern Woodlands Delaware
Shawnee
Nez Perce
Yakima
Ute
Shoshone
Huron
Erie
Cayuga
Mohawk
Pawnee
Kansas
Iowa
Sioux
Mapping Early Americans
Task:
 Create a map that shows the early Native American
settlements in North America.
 You will make a legend for your map that identifies
agricultural, economic, or cultural forces that were in
effect in each civilization.
Early Americans
Procedures:
 Read Ch. 1 Sec. 2 (pgs. 20-24)
 Determine the location of each civilization and
whether each civilization was based on hunting,
farming, or a combination of both.
 Design a legend that will convey the information.

Should use colors, symbols, etc.
African Cultures
CHAPTER 1 SECTION 3
West Africa
 Between 400s and
1500s, three great
empires-Ghana, Mali,
and Songhai-rose and
fell.
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Gold and salt trade
 Use of camels and the
est. of long distance
trade routes
 Spread of Islam
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Followers called Muslims
West African Empires
Ghana
• Earliest to emerge; Soninke people
• Controlled regions trade; grew wealthy from the gold
and salt trade
• Allowed mosques to be built
Mali
• Malinke people; Conquered the people of Ghana
• Reached its peak under the leadership of Mansa Musa
Songhai
• The Sorko people
• Emerged east of the Mali Empire along the Niger River.
• Seized control of the city of Timbuktu making it a center
of trade and learning
The Forest Kingdoms of Guinea
 Guinea, located in West Africa’s southern coast, had
small states and kingdoms because the area was
made up of very dense forest.
 The Yoruba people of Ife and the Edo people of
Benin were hunters, farmers, and traders.
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Traded surplus food for salt and other goods
Central and Southern Africa
 The people of Central and Southern Africa fished,
grew wheat, and raised livestock.
 Many were matrilineal, lineage or descent was
traced through mothers.
 Kingdom of the Kongo
Slavery
 Slavery existed in African society
 Most were captured in war.
 Most were sold back or absorbed into their new
African society but slavery changed when Arabs
began to trade for enslaved Africans.
 Slaves were acquired to clear land and mine gold.
 Europeans used enslaved workers starting in the
1400s to work on sugar plantations off the west coast
of Africa.
European Cultures
CHAPTER 1 SECTION 4
Main Idea:
The fall of the
Roman Empire
fragmented
Europe. Between
1100 and 1400,
several
developments
helped reunify
parts of Europe
and encouraged
new explorations.
European Society
 Europeans were stuck in the Middle Ages, period
lasting roughly 500-1400.
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Trade declined, cities, bridges, and roads fell into disrepair.
Money was in short supply and lawlessness ruled.
 The Crusades, which began in 1095, helped get
western Europe out of centuries of isolation and
encouraged exploration.
 The Church promoted stability and order through its own
laws and penalties for disobedience.
Expanding Horizons and European Exploration
Causes
Effects
 The crusades led to an
 Exchange of goods and
increase in interest in
luxury items
ideas
Expanding Horizons/European Exploration
Causes
Effects
 The crusades led to an
 Exchange of goods and
in interest for luxury
items.
 Monarchs wanted gold
to their rule.
 The Renaissance
promoted a scientific
view of the world.
 New technology
ideas.
 Spread of European
disease.
 Increased involvement
in African slave trade.
New Technologies
 The astrolabe used the sun’s position to
determine direction, latitude, and local time.
 The compass
 The caravel was a ship that allowed
explorers to sail long distances in a shorter
time.
Portuguese Exploration
 Prince Henry of Portugal (Henry the Navigator)
 Est.
an astronomical and geographical center.
 Bartolomeu Dias
 Reached the southern tip of Africa, Cape of Good
Hope.
 Vasco de Gama
 Sailed around Africa to India’s southwest coast.
Europe Encounters America
CHAPTER 1 SECTION5
The Vikings Arrive in America
 Strong archaeological evidence suggest that the
Vikings were the first Europeans to come to America.
 Around A.D. 1000, Leif Ericsson explored Labrador
and maybe Newfoundland.
 Early attempts at settlements failed because:
1.
2.
3.
Native Americans opposed them
Outnumbered
Inferior weapons
Spain Sends Columbus West
 Ptolemy’s Geography, maps rediscovered.
 Italian navigator, believed he could find a trade route
from Spain to India.
 Applies unsuccessfully to Portugal for financial
backing.
 After six years, Columbus finally convinced King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain he would
bring them wealth, empire, and converts to
Catholicism.
The First Voyage
Later Voyages
Spain Claims America
 Spain and Portugal argue over trade routes
 Treaty of Tordesillas
 Granted Portugal everything east of the Line of Demarcation,
an imaginary north-to-south line running down the middle of
the Atlantic, and gave everything west of the line to Spain.
Continuing Spanish Expeditions
 Juan Ponce de Leon
 Discovered
“land of flowers” known as Florida
 Vasco de Balboa
 Became the first European to see the Pacific coast
 Ferdinand Magellan
 His crew became the first to circumnavigate the
globe
Columbian Exchange
 The Columbian Exchange was a series of societal and
environmental between Europe and the Americas.
Study Guide
 Reviewing Key Terms, pg 46
 Identify the following:
 Native American
 Olmec, Aztec, Hohokam, Mississippian, Iroquios
 African
 Soninke, Mansa Musa, Edo, Peoples of Central and South
Africa, Akan
 European
 Pope Urban II, Portuguese, Prince Henry the Navigator, Leif
Ericsson, Christopher Columbus
Homework
Who were the Americas named for?
2. Who was he?
3. Why was America named after him instead of
Columbus or other explorers?
1.