Transcript Tier 2 Communication Layer

Wireless Solutions for
Smart Grid deployments
Alok Sharma, Aviat Networks
Agenda
1. Introduction
– Smart Grid Communication Tiers & Design Goals
2. Microwave (PTP) Backhaul
– Bridging Tier 1 and Tier 2 Communication Layers
3. Tier 2 (PMP) Communication Layer
–
Requirements & Technology Choice
4. Tier 3 Communication Layer
–
TV Whitespace
5. Self Organizing Networks (SON)
-
Managing network complexity
6. Closing Remarks
Smart Grid Communication Tiers
Tier 1
Tier 4
Tier 3
HAN
RF/Low Bandwidth
Source: Doug McGinnis, Exelon Business Services - UTC Telecom 2010
Tier 2
Fiber or
Microwave/High
RF/Med Bandwidth
Bandwidth
Communications – Design Goals
1. Security
Focus of the talk
–
Aligned with industry best practices (FIPS 140-2 compliant or certified)
2. Converged Communications
–
Converged communications infrastructure with logical isolation of services
(tunneling)
3. Interoperable
–
Utilize industry standard open (IP) protocols
4. Privately Owned Communications
–
Enable governance and control over all aspects of the technology
5. No Unanalyzed Single Points of Failure(Self Healing)
–
–
No unanalyzed single points of failure
Failure modes and backup schemes to form a “self healing” architecture
6. Maintenance, Management & Monitoring
–
Maintain, monitor and control network devices.
Source: Doug McGinnis, Exelon Business Services - UTC Telecom 2010
MICROWAVE (PTP) BACKHAUL
BRIDGING TIER 1 AND TIER 2 COMMUNICATION LAYERS
Smart Grid Places Demands on Legacy
Microwave Systems
1. Many new IP endpoints
2. Support converged MPLS transport
network
3. Security (authentication, intrusion
detection, encryption etc.)
4. QoS Requirements: traffic under
emergency situations
5. New remote sites and coverage areas
6. Overall capacity demands
Critical to put foundation in place to
build smart grid upon
TDM-based Microwave
Systems Need Upgrading
for Smart Grid
What are the options?
Landscape: Network Migration Plans
and Today’s Microwave Systems
All TDM
Today
Network migration path
TDM
IP
Region of
Effectiveness
Region of
Effectiveness
TDM ONLY Radio
• Legacy systems
• Optimized for TDM
• Not designed for IP –
poor packet efficiency
IP ONLY Radios
HYBRID Radio
• Native TDM, Native IP
transport for effective
migration to IP
• Built to carry IP
• Typically no native
TDM (forces use of
yet to be fully tested
Pseudo wire)
Hybrid Microwave Radio
HYBRID Microwave Radio Enables
Seamless Migration from TDM to ALL-IP
Future
Hybrid simultaneously enables:
1. TDM
2. IP
3. Emulated TDM over IP
OR any combination of the three
Native IP
Native
TDM
PWE
HYBRID Radio
TDM
Integrated
Pseudowire
HYBRID Microwave Radios combine
traditional microwave requirements
with new IP features – all in a single platform
Flexible
Bandwidth
Allocation
IP/Ethernet
Tier 2 (PMP) Communication Layer
REQUIREMENTS & TECHNOLOGY CHOICE
Tier 2 Communication Layer - Requirements
• Tier 2 communication layer is Point-to-Multipoint (PMP)
network that bridges Field Area Network (FAN) to the
backbone network.
• Key Requirements:
– Wireless (economics & ease of installation)
– IP based (Open Standards)
– Broadband (High Spectral Efficiency – OFDMA, MIMO, Beam Forming)
– Mobility/Portability (workforce automation)
• 2 leading technology choices
– WiMAX
– LTE (and 3G)
Question: Which technology to select for Smart Grid?
3G & LTE Evolution
Tier 2 Communication Layer – Technology Choice
1. LTE infrastructure includes legacy
support for:
•
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, EGPRS, IS95,
CDMA 1xRTT, CDMA 1xEVDO,
WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+, IMS, LTE R8,
R9, R10
2. Legacy support adds
tremendously to LTE
infrastructure & device
complexity leading to
significantly higher CapEx & OpEx
3. WiMAX is purpose built for 4G
Mobile Broadband and does NOT
have any legacy issues.
4. WiMAX infrastructure and
devices have significantly lower
CapEx & OpEx
WiMAX is the recommended technology choice
11
TIER 3 COMMUNICATION LAYER
TV WHITESPACE
13
What is TV Whitespace?
White space
Source: C. R. Stevenson, G. Chouinard, W. Caldwell:“Recommended Practice for the Installation and Deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems,”
IEEE802, San Diego, CA, 7/17/06
IEEE 802.22 – TV
Whitespace Standard
• Sub-GHz frequency band with excellent
propagation characteristics
- 100x reach of WiFi (30km vs. 300m)
• Ideal for AMI and Sensor data collection
- Simple & Predictable Single Hop Tier
3 layer vs. Complex and
Unpredictable Mesh architectures
(Source: IEEE)
• Technically, similar to WiMAX
• Interference mitigation via
co-ordination with FCC database &
spectrum sensing
TV Band White Spaces
-
Very little channel overlap between neighboring metro areas
Lots of white space in between licensed channels
16
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300
Source: Free Press and New American Foundation
250
200
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2.4 GHz
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Metropolitan Area
17
SELF ORGANIZING NETWORKS (SON)
MANAGING NETWORK COMPLEXITY
Future Wireless Networks:
New H-RAN Architecture
MACRO:
Solving initial
coverage
issue; Existing
networks
PICO: Solving
street, home
and enterprise
coverage &
capacity issues
FEMTO: solving
home and enterprise
coverage & capacity
issues
10x Lower
COST/Mb
Results
10x CAPACITY
Improvement
Near 100%
COVERAGE
Hierarchical RAN (H-RAN) = macro overlay + clusters of small cells
Lots of configuration parameters
3G and 4G technologies have more than 100 parameters each to be
configured just for the RF:
• Some of them are
vendor specific
• Some of them are
project specific
Pico/Femto cells bring completely
new dynamics into the wireless
network deployments
Adding new site to the 3G/4G network
Effort
(MD – Man
Days)
Activity
New site verification
1
On site visit: site details verification
0.5
On site visit: RF survey
0.5
New site RF plan
2
Neighbors, frequency, preamble/scrambling
code plan
0.5
Interference analyses on surrounding sites
0.5
Capacity analyses
0.5
Handover analyses
0.5
Implementation on new node(s)
2
Optimization
2
Source: ABI Research
Challenges:
• OpEx – 103k engineers@$100k = ~$11B +
network planning tools + maps
• Skilled Engineers – where to get 103k skilled
engineers?
• Networks Dynamics – add 5M base stations
a year
0.5
Field measurements and verification
Total activities
5M Pico base stations in 2015:
• 37.5M Man Days = ~103k Man Years
7.5
If nothing changes –
additional OpEx of >$11B
SON Functionality
AIR
Adaptive Interference Reduction
NNI
Node-to-Node Interface
- Dynamic scanning algorithm
- Secure communication between cell sites & SON Server
- Dynamic segment/channel selection
- Configuration predictions
- Scanning support for ANR formation
- Optimal route selection based on
various parameters
- Decision based on MS measured data
SON Solution
Simplifies Operations by
removing manual planning,
deployment and operations
NCM
Network Capacity Maximization
- MIMO usage
- Intelligent and Dynamic Automatic Neighbor cell list
distribution
- Enhanced Network Initiated Handover
- Fractional Frequency Reuse
pHO
Pico Handover
- time critical decisions on SON Agent
- data intensive statistics , predictions on the SON Server
- intra-Pico and Macro-Pico Handovers
Example 1: Congestion avoidance
In wireless access total available link budget/capacity
changes dynamically:
• Link quality of the existing MS changes
• New MS joins the Base station
Total possible throughput depends on the link quality->modulation used by each and every MS
Two parameters are constantly monitored:
• Air interface utilization Uair
• Relative committed traffic rate Rrel
Example 1: Congestion avoidance (cont.)
All the parameters are
constantly monitored
When utilization crosses the trigger line one of the following
actions is executed:
• Neighbor lists of the neighbors are
changed
• Network initiated HO is initiated
Example 2: Power savings - GreenSON
Utilizing mobile station behavior statistics, Base
stations can be dynamically reconfigured (time
of day, day of week) to reduce the total network
power consumption
CLOSING REMARKS
Security: What is important?
Source: WSJ, NY Times, eWeek
1. Stuxnet virus defeated all the typical defenses (digital certificates, firewall signature
analysis …) defined by IEEE, 3GPP & FIPS specifications and deployed across current
networks.
2. As electric grid becomes an extension of internet through Smart Grid initiatives, grid
infrastructure security will become a paramount issue.
3. For further information, please read “Cyber War: The Next Threat to National
Security and What to Do About It” by Richard Clarke & Robert Knake.
27
Thank You!