Transcript Computer Security: Principles and Practice, 1/e

Lecture 12
Firewalls and Intrusion Prevention
modified from slides of Lawrie Brown
The Need For Firewalls
• Internet connectivity is essential
– however it creates a threat
• effective means of protecting LANs
• inserted between the premises network and
the Internet to establish a controlled link
– can be a single computer or a set of two or more
systems working together
• used as a perimeter defense
– single choke point to impose security and auditing
– insulates internal systems from external networks
Firewall Characteristics
design goals
• all traffic from inside to outside
must pass through the firewall
• only authorized traffic as
defined by the local security
policy will be allowed to pass
• the firewall itself is immune to
penetration
techniques used by
firewalls to control access
and enforce the site’s
security policy are:
•
•
•
•
service control
direction control
user control
behavior control
Firewall Capabilities And Limits
• capabilities:
– defines a single choke point
– provides a location for monitoring security events
– convenient platform for several Internet functions that are not
security related
– can serve as the platform for IPSec
• limitations:
– cannot protect against attacks bypassing firewall
– may not protect fully against internal threats
– improperly secured wireless LAN can be accessed from outside the
organization
– laptop, PDA, or portable storage device may be infected outside the
corporate network then used internally
Types of Firewalls
Packet Filtering Firewall
• applies rules to each incoming and outgoing IP
packet
– typically a list of rules based on matches in the IP or
TCP header
– forwards or discards the packet based on rules match
• two default policies:
– discard - prohibit unless expressly permitted
• more conservative, controlled, visible to users
– forward - permit unless expressly prohibited
• easier to manage and use but less secure
Packet Filtering Firewall
• filtering rules are based on information
contained in a network packet
– source IP address
– destination IP address
– source and destination transport-level address
– IP protocol field
– interface
Packet Filter
Rules
Packet Filter: Advantages And Weaknesses
• advantages
– simplicity
– typically transparent to users and are very fast
• weaknesses
– cannot prevent attacks that employ application
specific vulnerabilities or functions
– limited logging functionality
– do not support advanced user authentication
– vulnerable to attacks on TCP/IP protocol bugs
– improper configuration can lead to breaches
Stateful Firewall Connection State
Source Address
Source Port
Destination
Address
Destination Port
Connection
State
192.168.1.100
1030
210.9.88.29
80
Established
192.168.1.102
1031
216.32.42.123
80
Established
192.168.1.101
1033
173.66.32.122
25
Established
192.168.1.106
1035
177.231.32.12
79
Established
223.43.21.231
1990
192.168.1.6
80
Established
219.22.123.32
2112
192.168.1.6
80
Established
210.99.212.18
3321
192.168.1.6
80
Established
24.102.32.23
1025
192.168.1.6
80
Established
223.21.22.12
1046
192.168.1.6
80
Established
Stateful Inspection Firewall
• tightens rules for TCP traffic by creating a directory of
outbound TCP connections
– there is an entry for each currently established connection
– packet filter allows incoming traffic to high numbered ports
• only for those packets that fit the profile of one of the entries
• reviews packet information but also records
information about TCP connections
– keeps track of TCP sequence numbers to prevent attacks that
depend on the sequence number
– inspects data for protocols like FTP, IM and SIPS commands
Application-Level Gateway
• also called an application proxy
• acts as a relay of application-level traffic
– user contacts gateway using a TCP/IP appl.
– user is authenticated
– gateway contacts application on remote host and relays
TCP segments between server and user
• must have proxy code for each application
– may restrict application features supported
• tend to be more secure than packet filters
• disadvantage is the additional processing overhead
on each connection
Circuit-Level Gateway
• circuit level proxy
– sets up two TCP connections, one between itself and a TCP
user on an inner host and one on an outside host
– relays TCP segments from one connection to the other
without examining contents
– security function consists of determining which
connections will be allowed
• typically used when inside users are trusted
– may use application-level gateway inbound
and circuit-level gateway outbound
– lower overheads
SOCKS Circuit-Level Gateway
• SOCKS v5 defined in RFC1928
• provide a framework for clientserver applications to conveniently
and securely use the services of a
network firewall
• client application contacts SOCKS
server, authenticates, sends relay
request
– server evaluates and either
establishes or denies the connection
components
SOCKS-ified
client
applications
SOCKS
server
SOCKS client
library
Bastion Hosts
• system identified as a critical strong point in the
network’s security
• serves as a platform for an application-level or
circuit-level gateway
• common characteristics:
–
–
–
–
–
–
runs secure O/S, only essential services
may require user authentication to access proxy or host
each proxy can restrict features, hosts accessed
each proxy is small, simple, checked for security
each proxy is independent, non-privileged
limited disk use, hence read-only code
Host-Based Firewalls
• used to secure an individual host
• available in operating systems
– or can be provided as an add-on package
• filter and restrict packet flows
• common location is a server
• advantages:
– filtering rules can be tailored to the host environment
– protection is provided independent of topology
– provides an additional layer of protection
Personal Firewall
• controls traffic between a personal computer or
workstation and the Internet or enterprise network
• typically is a software module
• can be housed in a router that connects all of the
home computers to Internet
– such as a DSL or cable modem
• typically much less complex than server-based or
stand-alone firewalls
• primary role is to deny unauthorized remote access
• may also monitor outgoing traffic to detect and block
worms and malware activity
Personal Firewall Interface
Firewall
Configuration
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Distributed
Firewall
Configuration
Firewall Topologies
host-resident firewall
includes personal firewall software and firewall software on
servers
screening router
single router between internal and external networks with
stateless or full packet filtering
single bastion inline
single bastion T
double bastion inline
double bastion T
distributed firewall
configuration
single firewall device between an internal and external router
has a third network interface on bastion to a DMZ where
externally visible servers are placed
DMZ is sandwiched between bastion firewalls
DMZ is on a separate network interface on the bastion firewall
used by large businesses and government organizations
Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)
• recent addition to security products
– inline network-based IDS that can block traffic
– functional addition to firewall that adds IDS
capabilities
• can block traffic like a firewall
• makes use of algorithms developed for IDSs
• may be network or host based
Host-Based IPS (HIPS)
• identifies attacks using both signature and
anomaly detection techniques
– signature: focus is on the specific content of
application payloads in packets, looking for
patterns that have been identified as malicious
– anomaly: IPS is looking for behavior patterns that
indicate malware
• can be tailored to the specific platform
• can also use a sandbox approach to monitor
behavior
Host-Based IPS (HIPS)
• Examples of addressed malicious behavior
– modification of system resources
– privilege-escalation
– buffer-overflow
– access to e-mail contact list
– directory traversal
• Advantages
– the various tools work closely together
– threat prevention is more comprehensive
– management is easier
Network-Based IPS (NIPS)
• inline NIDS with the authority to discard packets and
tear down TCP connections
• uses signature and anomaly detection
• may provide flow data protection
– monitoring full application flow content
• can identify malicious packets using:
–
–
–
–
–
pattern matching
stateful matching
protocol anomaly
traffic anomaly
statistical anomaly
Snort Inline
• enables Snort to function as an intrusion prevention
capability
– includes a replace option which allows the Snort user to
modify packets rather than drop them
– useful for a honeypot implementation
– attackers see the failure but can’t figure out why it occurred
• Drop: Snort rejects a packet based on the options
defined in the rule and logs the result
• Reject: packet is rejected and result is logged and an
error message is returned
• Sdrop: packet is rejected but not logged
Unified
Threat
Management
Products
Summary
• firewalls
–
–
–
–
need for
characteristics of
techniques
capabilities/limitations
– types of firewalls
• packet filtering firewall
• stateful inspection firewalls
• application proxy firewall
• circuit level proxy firewall
• bastion host
• host-based firewall
• personal firewall
• firewall location and
configurations
– DMZ networks
– virtual private networks
– distributed firewalls
• intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
• host-based IPS (HIPS)
• network-based IPS (NIPS)
• Snort Inline
• UTM products