Transcript Chapter 6 PowerPoint

Chapter 6
Discussion and Review
Ancient Rome
From a Republic to an Empire
509 B.C.E – 476 CE
1
Geography and Rome
Why was it easier
for the Romans to
unite than the
Greeks?
 Rome is located on
the Italian
Peninsula.
 Rich soil
 Mild climate
 Center of
Mediterranean Sea

Roman Religion
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
Adopted Greek gods
Jupiter is Zeus
Mars is Ares
Venus is Aphrodite
Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE
What is republic?
 All citizens with the
right to vote choose
their leaders.
 Is it a democracy?
 Male citizens could
attend, but votes of
wealthy class counted
more

Patricians Vs. Plebeians
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Patricians (senate)
Upper class aristocrats
who owned land and
controlled the
government & the
economy
Plebeians
Farmers, merchants,
artisans and traders
Who has the power?
The Roman Republic: Government
See handout…
Dictator
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
Could rule up
to 6 months in
times of war
The Roman Republic: Government
See handout…
Consuls
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
Preside over
senate,
generals, 1 yr
term
The Roman Republic: Government
See handout…
1
2
Senate
300 men
Majority of
Population
Served for
life, most
powerful
body
The Roman Republic: Government
See handout…
Dictator
Consuls
Senate
Patricians
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
Plebeians and their Rights
Little by little, the plebeians, or
common people, gained some political
power.
 These included the right to elect their
own officials, called tribunes and met in
their own assembly.
 The tribunes could veto, or block, laws
that they felt harmed plebeians.

The Roman Republic: Government
See handout…
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Plebeians
Slaves
Majority of
Population
No
power
The Rule of Law: Five Basic
Principles
Written down for all to see
 People equal under law
 The accused can face
accuser and defend the
charge
 Decisions based on fairness
 Innocent until proven guilty
 Guilt must be clearly
established

Roman Society
Men:
 Absolute power in all areas of society,
especially the home!


Oldest living male most powerful
Women
 in all classes ran the home, children
and slaves.
 Few legal rights but not shut away like
Greek women; went everywhere in
public

Roman Society
Boys & Girls: educated together in
early years.
 girls married by 14; father picked
husband!
 boys educated until the age of 20

What was the fashion of the day?
Togas (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather
sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!
citizen,
matron, magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave
Roman Dress
Roman Clothing
The Republic’s Military
• Who could serve in the
•
•
•
•
military?
First only patricians
served in the army
Senate turned to all
citizens including the
plebeians to serve!
What was the requirement?
Must possess land
The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE
Rome vs. Carthage
 Fought 3 Punic
Wars why?
 To dominate
western
Mediterranean trade
and islands

Results of Punic Wars
Rome captures
Macedonia,
Greece, and Asia
Minor
 The Mediterranean
belongs to Rome

Roman Republican Crises
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What’s wrong with the senate?
Greed and self-interest replace good virtues
Examples of corruption
While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the
empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or
otherwise took possession of the peasants’ land.
What happened to the returning soldiers?
Lost land and soldier status because military was only
open to men with property
What do ambitious generals do?
Allow landless men to enter the ranks, their loyalties
lay with the generals who rewarded them with land
and money.
The Rise of Julius Caesar
Elected consul in 60 B.C.
 Accomplishments

 Conquered
territories
 Gaul, Germanic tribes,
& Britain
 Seen as a military hero Becomes dictator for
life in 45 B.C.E
Distributed
free grain
Aligned with
the solar year
Army veterans given
land
Colonies
Provided jobs
established
for
Course of
for
poor
trade
Tiber River
Built roads &altered
bridges to
connect empire
Libraries,
temples &
“All roads lead to Rome”
Forum built
Roman Empire
Established
The 500-year republic
comes to an end.
 The Roman senate
gives Octavian the title
of Augustus Caesar, or
Exalted One; the first
citizen of Rome.
 The age of the Roman
Empire begins in 31
B.C.E

Roman Empire
Augustus laid the
foundation for a stable
government that would
function well for 200
years.
 This period was called the
Pax Romana.
 Roman army was
reorganized from a
offensive to a defensive
strategy
 Was there really 200 years
of peace?

Augustus’ Reforms
1. Created efficient civil service to enforce the
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
laws.
Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent,
regardless of race.
Allowed cities and provinces to govern
themselves.
Ordered a census, or population count, in
order to make the tax system more fair.
Set up a postal service and issued unified
monetary system of coins.
Employed the jobless.
The Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and
communication?
Good Emperors
Marcus Aurelius, last
good emperor of the
Pax Romana era.
 Strong sense of duty
 Philosopher Emperor
 His son began the reign
of bad emperors leading
to Rome’s decline.

“Third-century crisis”
Frequent turnover of rulers (most
important), followed by chaos and civil wars,
created the political dimension of the crisis.
 Political weakness in turn encouraged invasion
from outside the empire.
 The economy suffered because of the
disruption of commerce and high cost of
rewarding the armies.
 Who is going to come to the rescue?

Two Reformers
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Diocletian
Divided the empire into
two parts to make it
easier to govern
Fixed prices to slow
inflation, or the rapid
rise of prices
Established laws to
ensure steady
production of food and
goods
Constantine
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Continued Diocletian’s reforms
Converted to Christianity and granted
toleration to Christians, which led to
the rapid growth of Christianity
Built a new capital at Constantinople,
making the eastern part of the empire
the center of power
Divided Roman Empire
Roman Achievements
Technology
 Developed concrete
 Arches
 Created aqueducts for piped water
 Built an extensive road system over
50,000 miles

Engineering Wonders…
Roman Engineering
Accomplishments
Roman Roads
Colosseum & Circus Maximus
Colosseum 80 C.E.
 Held gladiator &
animal fights
 Held 50,000 people
 Circus Maximus
 Held chariot races
 Held 250,000
 Bread and Circus
Policy

2
The Roman Empire at Its Height
Roman power extended from Spain to
Egypt.
Divided Empire
Weaker co-emperor in Rome
 Best generals serve eastern emperor
 No western leadership
 Capital moved to Constantinople

Foreign Invasions
•A weakened Rome
could not withstand
the forces of Hun
and Germanic
invasions.
•476 CE end of the
Western Roman
empire
Roman Success
Citizenship
 In the beginning
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Citizenship and rights only given to others living in
the peninsula
By 212 CE, the Romans wisely extended
citizenship and its privileges to conquered
peoples, incorporating them directly into the
growing empire.
 Military
 Rome demanded Italian subjects to provide
soldiers for the military


Inexhaustible reservoir of man power
5
Review: The Decline
and Fall of Rome
Religious Diversity in the Early
Empire
As long as people honored Roman
gods and acknowledged the divine
spirit of the emperor, they were allowed
to worship other gods as they pleased.
 After the Romans conquered Judea,
they excused the monotheistic Jews
from worshiping the Roman gods.

Jews and the Roman Empire

The Great Revolt, 66-70 C.E in Judea
 Over 1,000,000 Jews killed
 Temple grounds destroyed
 135 C.E. - Jews banned from
Jerusalem
 the diaspora
Rome Distrusts Christians
At first Rome is tolerant of the Christians
but over time saw them as threat. Why?
 Rome mistrusted Christians because…
 refused to honor the Roman gods
 make sacrifices to the emperor
 Would not join the military
 Attend gladiator fights or religious festivals
 Roman officials persecuted the Christians
 Many Christians became martyrs

 Christianity
continued to spread
Spread of Christianity
China’s Flourishing Civilization
Qin Dynasty
• “Shi Huangdi” (first
emperor) wiped out
the Zhou and
conquered northern
China uniting under
central government
• Enforced legalism
How Did Shi Huang di Unite China?
1. He replaced feudal states with military districts
governed by loyal officials.
2. He sent spies to report on local officials.
3. He forced noble families to live in his capital so
he could monitor them.
4. He jailed, tortured, and killed those who
opposed his rule.
5. He had all books of philosophy and literature
burned.
6. He standardized weights & measures, coins,
laws
7. He connected the various parts of the Great
Wall and expanded it. 4,000 miles
Shi Huangdi Army Going to the
Afterlife with Him!
Terra Cotta Soldiers
Han Dynasty
• The Han dynasty
ruled from 207
B.C.E to 220 CE;
rivaled Roman
empire in power
and achievement
Emperor
Wudi
Han Dynasty
• Established a
civil service
examination for
public posts
• Based on merit
• Opportunities
for all males.
Really?
The Han Golden Age
MEDICINE
1. Diagnosed diseases.
2. Used herbal remedies
and other drugs for
treatments.
3. Explored uses of
acupuncture.
The Han Golden Age
TECHNOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Horse collar
Watermill
Made paper out of wood pulp.
Crossbow
Han Dynasty

The Han

portrayed themselves as more benevolent than
the Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of
responsibility.

Education

Allowed the most educated to serve in
government post (gentry class)

Economy

supplied the wealth and taxes to support the
Chinese people and the Han government.

Public Service

All males had to donate 1 month every year to
government projects and 2 years in the military.
Chinese Family
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Family
The basic Chinese social unit
included all previous generations.
Confucian influence
 loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor.
 Each member of the family had a place in the
hierarchy and a proper role to play.
Women
subordinate the roles of women, who were controlled
by their fathers, husbands, or sons.
not considered proper for women to participate in
public life or business
Arranged marriages
An old saying…
Confucius has a sour
look as he tastes
the vinegar.
Buddha has a bitter
look as he tastes
the vinegar.
Laozi has a smile as
he tastes the
vinegar.