Transcript 2015EuroTimeline

European History
(well, a lot of it)
5400BC Farming develops in Southwest Asia and spreads to Western Europe.
This allows for permanent settlements, but creates problems like deforestation.
Ancient Greece: Seafaring nation where democracy
was born
Ancient Rome: Mid point in Mediterranean Sea
Laws – most lasting contribution
Republic – three branches of government
Adopted Christianity as official religion in the 5th
century
Fall of Rome = disunity in Western Europe
400BC-300BC Ancient Greece - because of their physical geography individual
communities developed. The city-state of Athens introduced democracy which
laid the foundation for Europe’s government and culture. The Ancient Greeks
made many important advances in arts and science, including astronomy.
Socrates introduces the field of ethics, and his
Socratic method of debate is still used today.
His studies of logic are the basis for Western
philosophy.
Ancient Greece & Greek Colonies
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27BC – 180 AD The Romans founded a Republic which eventually
encompassed Europe, SW Asia, & NW Africa. Throughout the empire the
Romans built a network of roads, bridges, & aqueducts (water carriers) that
connected outlying areas to Rome. Roman government, law, and engineering
influenced other cultures. At its peak, the Roman Empire covered nearly six
million square miles. Roman influence can be seen in language, religion,
architecture, philosophy, law, and government.
317 AD Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. The
Roman Catholic Church was the most power and uniting influence in the
region.
Eventually the Roman Empire was divided and ruled by 2 emperors – One
in the West and the East. Each region developed its own politics.
Religions, & cultural traditions.
Roman Empire
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400AD Germanic groups from the north overthrew the Roman rule in the
western half of the empire, they began separate kingdoms, and accepted
the western form of Christianity (Roman Catholic). The eastern half
eventually became the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople
(today called Istanbul). The eastern form of Christianity became known as
Eastern Orthodox.
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500AD Slavic people migrated from Ukraine into eastern and central Europe.
Islamic (Muslim) and Jewish religions also influenced European culture. Discrimination
and persecution by Christians in western Europe forced many Jews to settle in Eastern
Europe.
500-1500AD
After the fall of Rome - Western Europe enters the Middle Ages - the
period between ancient times and modern times. Feudalism - A system where
monarchs or lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty replaced
centralized government.
600AD Beginning of Islam. Started by the prophet Mohammed in
Southwestern Asia – Islam believes in one God and the teachings of the
Prophet Mohammed. Followers of Islam are called Muslims. Arab
achievements included math, science and medicine. These advances took
years to spread into European culture.
Trade broke down, cities disappeared
Romance Languages developed
Viking Invasions led to Feudalism = governmental system based
on reciprocity; conditions and terms varied by region
Catholic Church split between Roman Catholics in West and
Eastern Orthodox Church in East
12th Century
Crusades: Turks in Holy Land; Pope called for Crusade
EUROPE – EARLY MIDDLE AGES
SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
Constantine makes Christianity Religion of Roman Empire 300AD
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SPREAD OF ISLAM
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1000’s AD The Crusades were a series of brutal religious wars to win Palestine.
Christians wanted to “free” the birthplace of Christ from Muslim rule. Europeans did not
win permanent control of Palestine, but did develop new trade routes in the eastern
Mediterranean.
CRUSADES
Religious Divisions in Europe ca.1096
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1300’s AD The 300 year period of discovery and learning known as the Renaissance
renewed interest in ancient Greece and Roman culture led to scientific advances. This
brings back ideas of thinking – science, art, and poetry. One of the major advances was
movable type. Universities begin during this time.
Rebirth of learning began in northern Italy and spread by
writers and artists to northern Europe
Fascination with ancient Greece and Rome
Emergence of modern political state
Monarchy is predominant form of government
Church’s influence declined
1400’s AD New technologies in sea travel and warfare allow stronger ships to make
longer journeys. Sailors used astronomy to navigate routes. Seafaring explorers from
Portugal developed new trade routes to Africa and Asia.
1492 AD - Christopher Columbus reached the Americas (New World). This era known
as the Age of Exploration brought great power and wealth to Western European nations.
Spain, France, Portugal & England sent explorers around the world in search of
resources, and often destroyed the culture of the conquered lands. European nations
begin establishing colonies around the globe.
The Columbian Exchange sent goods and ideas between the old and new worlds.
Columbian Exchange
Global Trade
End of Italian domination in trade
Spain, Portugal, England, and Dutch
Netherlands establish the nations as leaders in
exploration and trade.
Voyages of Discovery
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*1400’s AD
peninsula.
The Ottoman Empire gained control of nearly all the lands on the Balkan
By mid 1500’s AD - Availability of printed material spread the ideas of the Reformation.
These new ideas questioned the authority of, and weakened the power of, the Roman
Catholic Church and led to the rise of Protestantism. This movement is known as the
Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther first challenged the Roman Catholic church with
his 95 Theses. Religious wars engulfed Europe and enabled monarchs to strengthen
their power over nobles and church leaders.
Martin Luther begins Protestant Reformation
Religious unity in western Europe was shattered
Period of religious wars followed
Peace treaties ended religious wars as Christian
religious diversity was accepted; however, rulers
determined religion of the state
Late 1600 AD to early 1700’s AD - The Age of Reason was also called the
Enlightenment - Europeans began to question long standing values and traditions. This
movement led to political and economic revolutions, as people began to question the
authority of their kings and started to demand more rights.
John Locke’s ideas of life, liberty, and property were very influential.
Workers in industry began to demand more rights, as well.
1689 AD - English Parliament passes the English Bill of Rights which limited the power
of the monarch
Englishmen possessed certain civil and political
rights that could not be taken away. These
included:
1. freedom from royal interference with the law
2. freedom from taxation by royal prerogative,
without agreement by Parliament
3. freedom to petition the king
4. freedom from a peace-time standing army,
without agreement by Parliament
5. freedom to bear arms for self-defense, as
allowed by law
6. freedom to elect members of Parliament
7. the freedom of speech in Parliament
8. freedom from cruel and unusual punishments
9. freedom from fines and forfeitures without trial
1700’s AD Industrial Revolution begins in England. Power driven machines and new
methods of production transformed life in Europe. Where before, goods were
manufactured by hand, machines were now increasing production. Agriculture changes
as now commercial farming was becoming commonplace to feed a growing population.
New social groups emerged: the Middle class of merchants and factory owners and the
working class of factory laborers. Industrial Capitalism – economic system in which
business leaders used profits to expand their companies. Rise of the middle class
Late 1700’s AD The French Revolution overthrew the monarch and spread the ideas of
democracy
1805 – 1815 AD The Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon Bonaparte led France in its quest
for territorial gain in Europe. Napoleon’s allies were Holland, Italy, Naples, Warsaw,
Bavaria, Saxony, and Denmark. The Allies of the United Kingdom were Austria Hungary, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain and Sweden. Early victories led Napoleon to
believe he could invade Russia. Napoleon was eventually defeated at Waterloo.
Mid 1800’s AD Inequality in the industrial work place led to the birth of communism - a
philosophy that called for a society based on economic equality in which the workers
controlled the factories and all industrial production
1800’s -1900’s AD
The rule of monarchs was challenged across Europe. By
1900, most European countries had constitutions that limited the monarch’s power and
guaranteed rights to citizens
1912 – 1913 AD The Balkan Wars ended the Ottoman Empire
1914 – 1918 AD Rivalries among European powers for colonies and for economic
power led to World War I. In Russia, the people were not prepared to fight. The high
cost of the war in human life and money forced the czar (emperor) to abdicate (step
down from the throne)
1917 AD Bolshevik Revolution – Communist Revolution led by V.I. Lenin. He wanted
to base the government on the teachings of Karl Marx - a 19th century German
philosopher. Marx believed in the government owning and managing everything. No
capitalism. Many disagreed and a civil war broke out in Russia
Karl
Marx
1918 AD The Slavic people united to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and
Slovenes. In 1929, this Kingdom was renamed Yugoslavia
1919 AD The peace treaty that ended WWI (known as the Treaty of Versailles) found
Germany guilty of starting WWI. As punishment they had to pay reparations (payment
for damages) to the victorious countries
1919-1939 AD Monarchies collapsed in Germany, Austria – Hungary, and Russia.
Several Central and Eastern European nations gained independence. Unresolved
political problems and widespread economic depression enabled dictators such as
Benito Mussolini (Italy) and Adolf Hitler (Germany) to gain power.
1921 AD Bolsheviks win the civil war in Russia. The country is renamed the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union
1939 AD Germany invaded Poland (Sudetenland) that was an ally of the UK. The
United Kingdom declares war on Germany which caused the start of World War II
1939-1945 AD The Axis Powers were Germany, Italy and Japan. The Allied Powers
were the US, the UK, France, and USSR. During WWII - 6 million European Jews and
others were killed by Germany’s Nazi leaders. This horror is known as the Holocaust.
1941 AD Japan attacked the US at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and brought the US into
World War II.
1945 AD
WWII.
US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan to end
1945 – 1950 AD Europe is ruined and divided. Eastern Europe came under
communist control led by USSR. Western Europe’s democracies received millions of
dollars and military aid to rebuild under the Marshall Plan.
1949 AD The victorious Allied Powers divided Germany into 4 zones. The 3 western
zones (US, UK, and France) became West Germany and the eastern zone (USSR)
became East Germany. Many people in Eastern Europe fled communism to Western
Europe. The Cold War begins
1949 AD – Most of eastern Europe is
controlled by the Soviet Union. These
controlled countries (East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia) are
known as Soviet satellites. These satellite
nations strengthened the Soviet Union’s
military and supplied critically needed raw
materials – such as coal, iron ore, and
manufactured goods.
1949 – 1989 AD Cold War – power struggle between the communist world, led by the
USSR, and the non-communist world led by the US. There were no actual battles in this
“war”, but Vietnam, Korea, and Cuba could be considered part of the Cold War.
1950 – 1980 AD Eastern European nations tried to revolt against communist power,
but were not successful because the USSR had a strong military.
1960’s AD East Germany built the Berlin Wall and other barriers to keep Eastern
Europeans from escaping to the West. Western European democracies became more
productive and economically secure, but communist Eastern Europe had a low standard
of living and little economic growth
1980 AD Polish workers formed Solidarity - the first free labor union in the Communist
World. Solidarity worked toward reform and economic change.
1989 AD Public demonstrations and the Soviet leader’s refusals to reform led to the fall
of communist power in Eastern Europe and the USSR. The Berlin Wall came down.
1990 AD Germany reunited and the USSR broke up into 15 independent republics.
1990’s AD Free elections brought democratic leaders and the rise of market economies
in much of Eastern Europe and Russia.
1991-1992 AD Several Yugoslav republics declared independence; civil war broke out
and ravages areas of the Balkan Peninsula
1992 AD The Maastricht Treaty was signed and formed the European Union. Member
countries have a central bank and common currency (known as the Euro). Goods,
workers, and services move across borders of member nations without passports or
tariffs. The EU is the world’s largest trading block. Working toward a common
parliament.
1993 AD Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in a revolution
known as the Velvet Revolution because there was not a war or riots.
Life Under the Soviet Union
• Command Economy
• Atheism
• Little Freedom
Heavy Industry was stressed. Mines, large factories, dams, military, and industrial
hardware was the number one priority. Soviet leaders wanted to be self sufficient
(Autarky). The USSR should be able to produce all the goods they needed and they
built huge factories to accomplish this goal.
Black Market where ordinary citizens traded
shoes for make-up. Used jeans could be
sold for $50. Heavy Industry was successful,
but consumer goods were scarce. Efficiency
and product quality was often low.
People were given housing, medicine, education and there was no
unemployment. However, there was a shortage of many goods including 2
room apartments (soviet stacks), food, and automobiles. People had to wait
in line for hours for basic needs.
The Demise
• Economy in a tailspin
• GDP down 17% and
dropping
• High inflation.
• Retail prices up 140%
• Refusal to reform weakened
the government
• Mikhail Gorbachev started
making substantial reforms
– Glasnost (peace)
• Gives the public more
access to information
– Perestroika (restructuring)
– Gorbachev’s attempts to
reform the Communist party
actually weakens the state.
Reorganization of the State
• Russian Nationalists wanted
strong “Russian” state.
– Remember, Russia was a part
of the Soviet Union. In some
ways, Russia benefitted from
this – but there was a
perception that Russia was
taking care of poorer
countries.
• Several factions formed to
oppose Gorbachev’s
reorganization plan
Chaotic Government
• Struggle ensued between
President and Parliament,
creating a dysfunctional
government
• Boris Yeltsin has the Russian
White House shelled to send a
message to his opponents
• Yeltsin dissolves the Legislature
Democracy, Russian Style
• Boris Yeltsin resigns
in 1999 after major
financial crisis
• Vladimir Putin is put
forth as next
President
• Putin tightens the
president’s control
of parliament.
15 Years Later…
• Western culture has poured into Russia
– English words are fashionable.
• Literature now less intellectual. Fiction more
popular. Poetry has declined.
– Pornography, premarital sex, drug abuse more
prevalent
• More than 3 million drug addicts
• Heroin popular, and sharing needles has led to an
AIDS epidemic
– Less than 100 HIV+ people in Russia in 1989 –
now over 1 million
• Sports are still popular – especially hockey and tennis.
• Many reminisce about the good times of the Soviet
Union
Chechnya
1991 - Soviet Union collapses, 14 regions become independent nations.
Dzhokhar Dudayev elected president of Chechnya. Dudayev declares
Chechnya independent. Russian President Boris Yeltsin refuses to recognize
Chechen independence, sends troops. Confronted by armed Chechens, troops
withdraw.
1994 - Chechnya continues to assert its independence. Paramilitary bands
accused of widespread kidnapping for ransom. Russia invades Chechnya;
bloody war ensues.
1995 - 10,000 Russian troops occupy Grozny. Dudayev killed by Russian
rocket. Total Russian force numbers 45,000. Chechens takes hostages.
1996 - Chechens launch major counteroffensive, 5,000 troops invade Grozny.
Unwilling to use maximum force and destroy Grozny to defeat rebels, Russians
agree to ceasefire. Yeltsin orders troops withdrawn from Chechnya. Russian
military humiliated. 70,000 casualties on all sides.
1997 - Chechnya won't accept Moscow's authority. Aslan Maskhadov elected
Chechen president. Name of capital changed from the Russian Grozny, to the
Chechen Djohar. Lawlessness in Chechnya continues.
January 1, 2000
1999 - Terrorist bombs explode in Moscow and other Russian cities. Russian authorities
blame Chechen paramilitary commanders. Chechen insurgents enter neighboring
Russian territory of Dagestan to help Islamic fundamentalists seeking to create separate
nation.
Russian troops recapture breakaway areas of Dagestan. Yeltsin sends nearly 100,000
Russian troops into Chechnya. Russians occupy much of Chechnya, pulverize Grozny,
driving rebels into hills. 250,000 refugees.
2000 - Despite Russian claims of imminent victory, war continues. Russians are
unable to defeat rebels in mountainous areas. United Nations officials call for
investigations of alleged human rights abuses by Russian troops and by Chechen
rebels. New Russian President Vladimir Putin agrees to human rights investigation,
continues war.
2001 - Russian president Putin appoints Stanislav Ilyasov as Chechen prime minister.
2002 - On Oct. 23, Chechen rebels seized a crowded Moscow theater and detained 763
people, including 3 Americans. Armed and wired with explosives, the rebels demanded
that Russian government end the war in Chechnya. Government forces stormed the
theater the next day, after releasing a gas into the theater, which killed not only all the
rebels but more than 100 hostages
2003 - In March Chechens voted in a referendum that approved a new regional
constitution making Chechnya a separatist republic within Russia. Agreeing to the
constitution meant abandoning claims for complete independence. While Moscow has
presented the referendum as a way of bringing peace to the war-ravaged region, it is
unclear how much power Russia would actually grant the separatist republic. A spate of
Chechen suicide bombings followed throughout the year.
In September elections, Akhmad Kadyrov, the de facto Chechen president installed
three years earlier by Russia, officially becomes president. Human rights groups as well
as several nations questioned the fairness of the elections.
During 2003, there were 11 bomb attacks against Russia believed to have been
orchestrated by Chechen rebels.
2004 - On May 9, Chechnya's Moscow-backed leader, Akhmad Kadyrov, is killed in a
bombing. Six others are killed and another 60 wounded. The assassination undermines
Russian claims that Chechnya has been growing more secure. A warlord, Shamil
Basayev, claimed responsibility for the bombing.
On Aug. 24, days before the Chechen presidential election, two nearly simultaneous
plane crashes in Russia kill 90 passengers; Chechen terrorists are suspected.
On Aug.29, another Russian-supported leader, Alu Alkhanov, is elected president of
Chechnya with 73.5% of the vote.
On Aug 31, Chechen terrorist attack at a Moscow subway stop kills ten.
Between Sept. 1-3, 32 heavily armed guerrillas seize a school in Beslan, near
Chechnya, and hold about 1,100 young schoolchildren, teachers, and parents hostage.
The guerrillas are believed to be made up of Chechen, Ingush, and ethnic Russian
Islamic militants. When a bomb inside the school is apparently accidentally detonated,
the hostages attempt to flee. The militants set off more bombs and open fire on the
fleeing children and adults. At least 335 hostages are dead, including about 156
children, and more than 550 are wounded. Russian prosecutors believe that Shamil
Basayev, the most militant and ruthless of the Chechen rebel commanders, is behind the
hostage-taking.
Recently, Russia tightened its grip on Chechnya as well as expanded its anti-terrorist
operations throughout the region. Russia was also successful in installing a pro-Moscow
Chechen regime, and the most prominent separatist leaders were killed, including
former president Aslan Maskhadov and Shamil Basayev. In April 2009, Russia ended its
counter-terrorism operation and pulled out the bulk of its army. Three months later,
leader of the separatist government, Akhmed Zakayev, called for a halt to armed
resistance against the Chechen police force starting on August 1, 2009.
Plane crash kills at least 90
Aug. 25th
Sept. 1-4
Rebels take school hostage.
After the government tried
rescue. Over 320 killed.
Aug. 31 Subway bombing
2007 AD Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU bringing the number of members to 27
and 3 candidate members. The EU is the largest trading entity in the world and a major
competitor of the US on world markets.
X joined 1/1/2007
Green are candidate states.
X
X