Transcript 演講綱要

希腊的榮耀 與 羅馬的輝煌
董崇選
中山醫大應用外語系教授
「懂更懂」學習英文網站負責人
網址：dgdel.nchu.edu.tw
西方文化 兩大源頭
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The Hellenic Tradition
希臘的：神話的
The Hebraic Tradition
希伯萊的：宗教的
The Greek Mythology
Polytheistic 多神的
Humanism 人文主義
Hedonism 享樂主義
Secular life 世俗生活
Id (抑德) & Ego (自我)
The Old Testament
Monotheistic 單神的
Theism 神文主義
Asceticism 禁慾主義
Divine life 神明生活
Super-ego (超我)
I. Poe’s “To Helen”:
Helen, thy beauty is to me
海倫，汝之美對於我
Like those Nicean barks of yore,
猶如昔日尼斯之舟，
That gently, o’er a perfumed sea,
飄香海上，輕輕航過，
The weary, way-worn wanderer bore
將奔波疲憊者帶走，
To his own native shore.
回歸其本土岸頭。
I. Poe’s “To Helen”:
On desperate seas long wont to roam,
渺茫海上，長期習慣漂泊，
Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
汝風信子之髮，汝古典之臉，
Thy Naiad airs have brought me home,
汝水神之姿，已攜我返家，
To the glory that was Greece,
回歸那榮耀，即希腊，
And the grandeur that was Rome.
以及那輝煌，即羅馬。
特
洛
伊
的
海
倫
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II. The Glory of Greece:
• 時間：c. 600 B.C. ~ 300 B.C. (周朝)
The Age of Pericles (461~429 B.C.)
The Peloponnesian War (431 B.C.):
between Athens & Sparta
Alexander the Great, of Macedon,
356~323 B.C.
II. The Glory of Greece:
• 成就：
Cleisthenes, 1st 民主政府, 508 B.C.
Praxiteles & Phidias, 不朽雕刻家
Herodotus & Thucydides, 大歷史家
Solon, Cleisthenes & Pericles, 立法
Socrates, Plato: Dialogues (The Republic等) ,
Aristotle, 大哲學家
Pindar & Sappho, 大抒情詩人
II. The Glory of Greece:
成就：
Aeschylus, Sophocles,
& Euripides, 大 悲劇作家
Aristophanes,
大喜劇作家
Theocritus,
田園文學之父
Demosthenes,
大演說家
Hippocrates,
醫藥之父
其他如設計 the Acropolis 之建築家
The Acropolis of Athens
III. The Greek Drama
• 節慶：Dionysus (酒神),
一、二月 Wine- Press 節
三、四月 Spring 節
• 劇場：open-air, 衛城斜坡,
deus ex machina (機關跑出之神)
可容 17,000人，演員wore masks
• 演出：dithyramb (合唱歌) + actor(s)
Chorus (strophe, antistrophe, epode)
III. The Greek Drama
• 劇作：
Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound
(《普羅米修斯 被綁記》)
Sophocles: Oedipus the King
(《伊底帕斯王》)
Euripides: Medea (《糜蒂雅》)
Aristophanes: Clouds,
Frogs,
Lysistrata : sex strike
Prometheus Bound
Medea about to kill her children
IV. The Grandeur of Rome:
• 時間：
c. 265 B.C. ~ A.D. 330 or later (秦漢~五代)
The Punic Wars (264~146 B.C. Rome & Carthage)
Carthage, Greece, Gaul 淪亡 (146~50 B.C.)
Caesar, Pompey, Crassus (1st Triumvirate)
Octavius, Antony, Lepidus (2nd Triumvirate)
Constantine (建都 Constantinople)
The Roman Empire:
(27 B.C.~ A.D. 476 ~ A.D. 1453)
The Augustan Age (27 B.C. ~ A.D. 14)
IV. The Grandeur of Rome:
• 成就：
1. 建立 the Roman Empire
2. 建立 the Roman Law:
Twelve Tables of Laws (十二銅版法)
民事程序、債權、父子、繼承、財產、憲体、婚姻、罪刑
451 B.C. 十大臣 (decemvirs) 製定
the Justinian Code, 6th C. (529 第一次成文)
3.承襲 the Greek culture
Politically Rome conquered Greece.
Culturally Greece conquered Rome.
Satire (諷刺文) 是唯一羅馬之原始重要文類
V. Roman Literature:
• The New Comedy: farce, low comedy
Plautus: Amphituo,
Menaechmi,
Miles Gloriosus
Terence: The Eunuch (閹人)
老套的人物與情節。
不敢諷刺當代要人。
V. Roman Literature:
• A philosophical poem in six books:
Lucretius: On the Nature of Things (物性論)
Atoms  matter  with changing forms
Free-will & doctrine of the “swerve”
Soul energizes body: 皆原子組成，死後分離
神話的神  恐懼 & 迷信
不畏神、不怕死、不求來生  happiness
V. Roman Literature:
• Orations (演說) and Essays:
Cicero (西塞羅): orator & rhetorician
• Epics (史詩): Virgil (味吉爾): Aeneid《羅馬建國記》
Aeneas, Dido, Turnus, Lavinia
Ovid (奧維德): Metamorphosis
《變形記》
• Satire (諷刺文):
Horace (霍雷斯): Satires, with gentle humor
Juvenal: 16 satires, with biting attacks
Aeneas told to leave Dido
V. Roman Literature:
• 其他:
Martial’s Epigrams (警句)
“You feign youth, Laetinus, with dyed hair to the degree that suddenly you
are raven, but lately you were a swan.”
Petronius’ Satyricon (”widow of Ephesus”)
Seneca’s rhetorical tragedies,
Apulius’ The Golden Ass (金驢記) Lucius 吃 magic potion
Marcus Aurelius’ The Meditations (沈思錄)
“Of the life of man the duration is but a point, its substance streaming away,
its perception dim, the fabric of the entire body prone to decay.”
The Golden Ass
VI. Conclusion (結論):
– 希羅文化是典型的人文主義
(humanism) 文化。
– 希羅文化是民主與法治的源頭。
– 希羅文化也是德先生(Democracy)
與賽先生(Science) 的始祖。
– 希羅文化的 榮耀 與 輝煌
是無庸置疑的。