Transcript Ch_ 5 Rome and Han - Ed W. Clark High School

Ancient Rome
Geography and Rome
 Why was it easier for
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the Romans to unite
than the Greeks?
Rome is located on the
Italian Peninsula.
Rich soil
Mild climate
Center of
Mediterranean Sea
The Roman Republic
 Romans drive out Etruscans, c. 509 B.C.E.
 What is a republic?
 All citizens with the right to vote choose
their leaders.
 Is it a democracy?
 Male citizens could attend, but votes of
wealthy class counted more
 Social classes
 Plebeians- lower class Romans
 Patricians- upper class Romans
 Who has the power?
The Roman Republic: Government
Dictator
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
Could rule up
to 6 months in
times of war
The Roman Republic: Government
Consuls
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
Preside over
senate,
generals, 1 yr
term
The Roman Republic: Government
1
2
Senate
Served
for
life,
300 men
most powerful
body
Majority of
Population
The Roman Republic: Government
Dictator
Consuls
Senate
Patricians
1
2
300 men
Majority of
Population
 Gradually, Plebeians gain some political
power
 Tribunes
The Roman Republic: Government
Dictator
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Plebeians
Slaves
Majority of
Population
No
power
Expansion
 3 Punic (Phoenician)
Wars
 Against Carthage
 To dominate western
Mediterranean trade
and islands
Results of Punic Wars
• Rome captures
Macedonia,
Greece, and Asia
Minor
• The Mediterranean
belongs to Rome
• Made citizens out
of those they
conquered, esp.
elites
Roman Family
 Male dominated
 “Paterfamilias”
What was the fashion of the day?
Togas (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather
sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!
citizen, matron, curule magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave
Roman Dress
Roman Clothing
Economy
 Like the Greeks, the Romans were extremely
reliant on the importation of grains (especially
from Egypt) and the export of their own cash
crops
 What’s a cash crop?
 Traded with India for spices
 Traded with China for silk
 “Bread and Circuses”
 Colosseum
Circus Maximus
Problems in the Republic
 Corruption
 Loyalty to generals
 While men were fighting in the army,
wealthy landowners took their farms and
created “latifundia”
 Because these men now had no land they
could no longer be in the military
 Julius Caesar
 Marches to Rome
 Makes himself dictator- 45
B.C.E.
 “Veni, Vidi, Vici”
 Killed- why?
 After Caesar
 Marc Antony and Cleopatra
 Octavian- “Augustus
Caesar”
 First official emperor of
Rome- 27 B.C.E
 Roman Empire begins
 Pax Romana “Roman Peace”
 Stable government that functioned well for
over 200 years
 From Augustus to Marcus Aurelius
 Made trade safe and easy
 Rome continues to expand
 Wealth acquired widens gap between rich
and poor
Other Emperors
Marcus Aurelius
Caligula
Nero
The Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and
communication?
Religion
 Adopted Greek gods
 Jupiter is Zeus
 Mars is Ares
 Venus is Aphrodite
 Rome was generally
tolerant of other religions
Culture
 Got a lot from the Greeks
 Philosophy - rational thinking, observation, and deduction
 Law – Twelve Tables- prevent abuses of power
 Art
 Order
 Symmetry
 Usefulness
 Achievement
Excerpts from the 12 Tables
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Table I.
1. If anyone summons a man before the magistrate, he must go. If the man
summoned does not go, let the one summoning him call the bystanders to
witness and then take him by force.
Table IV.
1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed.
2. If a father sell his son three times, the son shall be free from his father.
5. A child born after ten months since the father's death will not be admitted
into a legal inheritance.
6. Any woman who does not wish to be subjected in this manner to the hand of her husband
should be absent three nights in succession every year, and so interrupt the usucapio of each
year.
Table VII.
1. Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive
his team where he likes.
6. Putting to death of any man, whosoever he might be unconvicted is
forbidden.
Table XI.
1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.
Christianity
 Attractive to many Romans
 Why?
Roman Achievements
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Technology
Developed concrete
Arches
Created aqueducts for piped water
Built an extensive road system over
50,000 miles
The Pantheon “Temple of all
the gods”
Aqueducts
• Used to transport
fresh water from the
hills into the city
Baths
• Popular leisure
activity
• Many business and
political decisions
were made at the
baths
Engineering Wonders…
Roman Engineering
Accomplishments
Roman Roads
Mount Vesuvius
• In 79 A.D., Mt.
Vesuvius erupts,
covering the town of
Pompeii in ash.
• People, buildings,
and works of art
were preserved in
the ash
Third Century Crisis
 c. 235 C.E.
 Frequent invasions and rebellions break empire apart
 Inflation; poor economic decisions
 Disruption of trade (not safe to travel)
 Frequent changes in rulers
 Diocletian's reforms help end crisis
Two Reformers
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Diocletian
Divided the empire into
two parts to make it
easier to govern
Fixed prices to slow
inflation (the rapid rise
of prices)
Established laws to
ensure steady
production of food and
goods
Constantine
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Continued Diocletian’s reforms
Converted to Christianity and granted
toleration to Christians, which led to
the rapid growth of Christianity
Built a new capital at Constantinople,
making the eastern part of the empire
the center of power
Fall of the Empire (5th and 6th centuries)
 Reasons
 Over-expansion (economic
reasons)
 Loss of values
 Reliance on mercenary
armies (hired armies) - what
does that mean if you have to hire an army?
 Invasion
 Corruption
 Plagues
2
The Roman Empire at Its Height
Roman power extended from Spain to
Egypt.
Western Roman and Byzantine
Empires
Divided Roman Empire
Christianity
Major events (from the Gospels)
 Jesus born – 4 B.C.E.
 Becomes preacher – called “Messiah” by followers
 Performs miracles
 Emphasizes spiritual equality of poor and women
 Angers Romans and Jewish establishment (seen as a threat)
 Crucified on the Cross (rose from dead)
 Forgiveness of sins through faith in Jesus
 Where does this information come from?
Paul and the Spread of Christianity
 Paul organizes the Church (emphasizes faith)
 Missionary voyages
 Modeled on the Roman govt. structure
Persecution
 Many emperors persecuted Christians (and Jews)
 Nero especially (killed Paul and Peter- became Martyrs)
Growth
 Emperor Constantine converts in 313 C.E.
 Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion in 392
 Leads to persecution of paganism
 Christians said people would not have to follow Jewish law (certain
rituals etc.)
 Converts lower classes before upper
 Eventually Christianity spreads beyond the Roman Empire
The Empire divided
Qin Dynasty – 221 B.C .E.
• “Shi Huangdi” (first
emperor) wiped out
the Zhou and
conquered northern
China, uniting it
under central
government
• Enforced legalism
How Did Shi Huang di Unite China?
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He replaced feudal states with military districts
governed by loyal officials. (Got rid of
aristocracy and replaced them with trained
bureaucrats)
He sent spies to report on local officials.
He forced noble families to live in his capital so
he could monitor them.
Shi Huang Di’s policies cont.
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He jailed, tortured, and killed those who opposed his
rule (Confucians).
He had all books of philosophy and literature burned.
He standardized weights & measures, coins, laws and
writing
He connected the various parts of the Great Wall and
expanded it. 4,000 miles
“Each stone in the Great Wall cost a
human life”
Shi Huangdi’s Army Going to the
Afterlife with Him!
Terra Cotta Soldiers
Statue of Shi Huang Di
Han Dynasty
• The Han dynasty
ruled from 202
B.C.E to 220 CE;
rivaled Roman
empire in power
and achievement
• Wu Di- successful
emperor
• Nationalized iron
and salt industries
• Expanded borders
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Fought the Xiongnu
Emperor
Wudi
Han Dynasty Golden Age
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Established a civil service examination
for public posts
Based on merit (Confucian classics)
National universities dedicated to
Confucianism
Opportunities for all males. Really?
72 hrs
2- 5% passed
Postal Service
Tax collecting system
Created large bureaucratic govt.
Expanded into Central Asia
The Han Golden Age
MEDICINE
1. Diagnosed diseases.
2. Used herbal remedies
and other drugs for
treatments.
3. Explored uses of
acupuncture.
The Han Golden Age
TECHNOLOGY
1.
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5.
Horse collar
Watermill
Made paper out of wood pulp.
Crossbow
Gunpowder, fireworks, cannon
Describe the rise of the Han dynasty in China.
• The Han
• portrayed themselves as more benevolent than
the Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of
responsibility.
• Society
• Merchants and artisans looked down upon
• Peasants were the largest class
• Economy
• Taxes supplied wealth to support the Chinese
people and the Han government.
• Public Service
• All males had to donate 1 month every year to
government projects and 2 years in the military.
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Describe the lives of the Chinese people during the Han
Family
The basic Chinese social unit
included all previous generations.
Confucian influence
– loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor.
– Each member of the family had a place in the
hierarchy and a proper role to play.
Women
subordinate roles for women, who were controlled by
their fathers, husbands, or sons.
not considered proper for women to participate in
public life or business
Arranged marriages
Fall of the Han
 Empire gets too big
 Economic problems
 Invasions
 High taxes
 Eventually leads to revolts
Han China and Roman Empire
Compared
 Similarities:
 Concentration of wealth (elites)
 Role of emperor (divine)
 Religious policies (absorbed foreign religions)
 Controlled trade
 Fought nomads/Huns
 Gender relations
 Differences
 China has more influence on neighbors
 Geopolitical- China larger “heartland”
 Longevity
 China assimilates more people, spreads language; Latin doesn’t
spread