Transcript Ancient Rome - EDECAltSchools

Ancient Rome
Senatus Populusque Romanus
Senate and People of Rome
History & Geography
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http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/
article?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc
=6#h29
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article?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc
=7#h40
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printarticle?id=ar474350&ss=h2
History & Geography
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http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/brians_syllab
us/maps/maplabels3.html
http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/artic
le?id=ar130820&st=roman+empire
http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/ancien
t-rome-staro-ytnyrzym/fafd4c2a60aa11f89149fafd4c2a60aa11f891
49417930085482?q=music+of+ancient+rome&FR
OM=LKVR5&GT1=LKVR5&FORM=LKVR30
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http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/
roman-empire-and-republic-romangenerals-andemperors/5a004216021d45f29a8d5a0042
16021d45f29a8d412903278059?q=roman%20empire
History & Geography
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http://www.history.com/topics/ancientrome/videos#hannibal-leads-carthaginians-overromans
http://www.history.com/topics/ancientrome/videos#battles-bc-caesar-the-battle-ofalesia
http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/bbcancient-rome-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-empire1of6caesar/f3dc3268ccc96748eaddf3dc3268ccc9674
8eadd-418096809529?q=ancient%20rome
Literature
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http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/
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article?id=ar380120&st=mythology&sc=7
Philosophy
One of the first Roman men (Men wouldn't let women study
philosophy) who wrote about philosophy was Lucretius. Lucretius
followed Greek Epicurean philosophy. He left us a long poem, called
On the Nature of Things, explaining Epicurean philosophy in Latin
for men who couldn't read Greek.
Cicero was another man who wrote about philosophy at just about
the same time as Lucretius. Cicero was mostly a Skeptic philosopher.
Like other Skeptics, Cicero thought that you should question any
ideas or facts you heard about, and always ask "How do they know
that?" or "How can they be sure?" or "What about this other thing?”
Cicero tried to use philosophy to make men more logical thinkers, so
that they would make better decisions about how to run the
government. But Cicero also held some Stoic ideas especially that
men should try to be as good as possible
Philosophy continued
About a hundred years later, in the time of the emperors
Claudius and Nero, another philosopher called Seneca
wrote another set of essays about Stoic philosophy.
Seneca thought that men should not waste time on
things that really didn't matter. Instead, they should use
their time well, to help improve the world, and to
improve their own minds by studying philosophy.
In the later years of the Roman Empire, many men and
women began to think about the world in terms of
Christian thought. St. Augustine and St. Ambrose both
studied earlier philosophers and tried to create a
Christian philosophy that would include both Christian
ideas and Greek and Roman philosophy.
Religion & Science
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http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/
printarticle?id=ar474350&ss=h9
http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/
printarticle?id=ar474350&ss=h22
http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/
article?id=ar380120&st=mythology&sc=7
http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/
printarticle?id=ar117940&ss=h4
Government
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http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article
?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=2
http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/artic
le?id=ar566460&st=roman+empire
http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/sear
ch?&st1=roman+empire&dt=0&searchprop=atk
&ht=438,8,1,0,0,0,0,19,0,12,5,1,36,10,1,1,0,0&
mt=vd&page=ar&searchprop=atk
Life of the People
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http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/printa
rticle?id=ar474350&ss=h3
http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article
?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=5
http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article
?id=ar474350&st=ancient+rome&sc=3
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/history/romans
-videos-playlist.htm#video-29217
Art
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http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/
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Architecture
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http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/
printarticle?id=ar474350&ss=h19
http://www.history.com/topics/ancientrome/videos#coliseum-deconstructed
http://www.history.com/videos/romeengineering-an-empire---coliseum
http://www.history.com/videos/where-didit-come-from-ancient-romes-stadium
Writing
The Roman Empire lasted for more than a thousand years, so there was
plenty of time to produce a lot of writing. Latin, an Indo-European
language, was written in an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet, with
some letters changed: the Latin or Roman alphabet is essentially the one
Americans use today. English-speakers have added the letters J and U and
W.
Most of what was written during those thousand years has been lost, but a
fair amount still survives and we can read it today. We like to think that the
best writing has survived, but certainly some very good works have been
lost, while some of what survives is not very good. Nearly all of the Latin
literature that we still have today survives because it was copied over and
over by hand by different people through hundreds of years. That is, almost
none of the actual books that people read at that time survive: papyrus and
parchment just don't last that well. The words survive, but in later copies of
later copies. For some books, many copies survive; for other books, only
one.
Gardens and Landscape
A peristyle is a courtyard with a covered walkway all the way around it, with
columns holding up the ceiling so you can see out into the garden. Peri
means "around" and style means "column", so a peristyle is a place with
columns all the way around it. The earliest peristyle courtyards that we
know of were in Greek houses, beginning around the Classical Period.
Peristyles were also common in wealthier Roman houses, all over the
Roman Empire, beginning about the time of the Julio Claudian Emperors.
The Romans were able to establish a very large empire. They employed a
geometric system to lay out crop lands and also employed crop rotation.
They were known to try and maximize land use which eventually leads to
soil depletion. Like Greece, Italy has a large degree of mountainous terrain
unfit for cultivation. The Romans during their reign imported much of their
crops from subject countries to keep the empire feed. After Rome
conquered Egypt, they were able to import enough wheat to give free grain
to all of the one million Romans living in the capitol.
Gardens and Landscape
The Romans realized that the soil would become
depleted if it did not receive fertilization. They
were one of the early civilizations to employ a
type of mixed farming. They would use manure
from their farm animals to help revitalize their
soils. Yet the Romans did suffer from a decline
in food production toward the end of their
empire due to land overuse as noted by one
author, "The fall of past civilizations, especially
those of the Mediterranean region, was due in
large part to bad management of the
landscape."
Gardens & Landscape
Roman peristyle
Music
The music of ancient Rome was tied to three main purposes: powers,
entertainment, and propaganda. The "power" of Rome (as
"conqueror"), and its relationship to its vast "conquered" territories is
very important to understanding the culture of ancient Rome. The
Roman virtues of dignity, authoritas (authority) and gravitas
(seriousness of purpose) were practiced by all Romans as part of their
"duty' to the State. The Romans borrowed many diverse musical
traditions from the peoples they conquered, rather than developing a
uniquely Roman tradition of their own. From a socio-cultural
standpoint, music in ancient Rome was primarily associated with: 1)
the military and military ceremonies, 2) the Roman Theater, 3)
Roman religious practices, and 4) the ritual use of music at almost all
public/civic occasions. Despite the diversity and richness of Rome,
there are no known musical examples of Roman music that have
survived to the present day.
Music continued
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The cultural, social, and political institutions of ancient Rome were formed and
influenced by several ancient cultures (Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Arab). In
particular, the Romans owe a great deal to the musical and cultural practices of
ancient Greece and Etruscan cultures. Music was central to Roman
religious ceremony, civic activity, entertainment, the military and the culture
of work as early as the era of the Kings (750 BCE - 510 BCE). The earliest and
perhaps the most important influences were the Etruscans, and later, the
Greeks. Rome absorbed, extended and modified music along with many other
cultural forms from the various territories it conquered. From the 2nd century
BC this influence of foreign cultures on Rome increased rapidly as the former
kingdoms of Alexander's Empire, Greece, Macedonia, Syria and Egypt, fell
under Roman domination. Syria and Egypt in particular, were wealthy and rich
in musical traditions. Professional virtuosi, often Greek, gave
public performances, Egyptian and Syrian pantomime artists performed to
orchestral accompaniment. Dancers and musicians toured the known world
and great festivals were held regularly in the cities of the empire. By the end of
the 2nd century BCE, musicians and actors had formed industry bodies,
musical instruments were being constantly developed, musical
scholarship was growing and the development of widespread musical
amateurism indicates a spread of musical education and appreciation.
Music continued
The Romans conquered ancient Greece in 146 B.C.E. and assimilated and adapted Greek
music and religion into Roman culture. The "educated" people of Greece (i.e.
philosophers, musicians, artists) became Roman slaves, who in turn educated the Roman
elite via the Greek Classics. Nevertheless, it is the Roman writings of Cicero, Quintilian,
and others document the use of music for purely entertainment purposes at large
festivals with choruses and instrumental ensembles.
The instruments available to Greek and Roman musicians covered a diverse range of
instruments that represented musical traditions from all over the Roman Empire.
Curiously, the vast majority of musical instruments are not Roman in origin, but were
readily adopted into Roman musical practices. Thus, the musical traditions of the
"conquered" became the music of the "conqueror" (Rome). Stringed instruments known
to the Romans included harps, lyres, kithara, and barbitoi; the lute came later on
(perhaps from Egypt or the Near East). Of the wind instruments, the syrnix, and aulos
(Greek origin) were the most common, while various other flutes and whistles were
known. The panpipe was a group of pipes bound together. Horns and trumpets of various
kinds are known, often used for hunting and in military contexts. Percussion instruments
included drums, tambourines, cymbals, and castanets. The majority of music for which
we have surviving notation was vocal, and singing was probably the most common form
of musical activity.
Musical Instruments
Roman Tubecines (Trumpeters)
Tympanum
& Aulos
Syrinx (panpipe), Aulos, Auloi
Music Continued
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http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/
ancient-roman-music-musica-romanapugnatei/c93d9b6459a1f290a0c0c93d9b6459a1f2
90a0c0677159895855?q=music+of+ancient+rom
e&FROM=LKVR5&GT1=LKVR5&FORM=LK
VR32