Transcript Period 2 Notes

Period 2 Notes
ORGANIZATION AND
REORGANIZATION OF HUMAN
SOCIETIES
C. 600 B.C.E. TO C. 600 C.E.
Overview Maps
 The World in c. 500 B.C.E.
 Empires and Common Cultures from 300 to 600
C.E. & the Spread of Universal Religions in AfroEurasia

Question: What changes do you notice between the two
maps? What continuities do you notice?
Classical Civilizations
Classical Civilization
Location
Persian Empires (Achaemenid,
Parthian, Sassanid)
Southwest Asia
Qin & Han Dynasties
East Asia
Maurya & Gupta Empires
South Asia
Phoenicia & her colonies
Mediterranean
Classical Greece
Mediterranean
Hellenistic Empire
Mediterranean & Southwest Asia
Roman Empire
Mediterranean
Teotihuacan
Mesoamerica
Classical Mayans
Mesoamerica
Moche
Andes Mountains
Classical Civilizations
 Governments became larger and
more complex, developing
administrative institutions &
strong militaries

Centralized government


Roman Empire
Elaborate legal systems
12 Tables in Rome
 Ashoka’s Edicts in Mauryan Empire


Bureaucracies

Persia & China
Classical Civilizations
 Leaders projected military
strength through the following
methods:




Diplomacy
Developing and protecting supply lines
throughout empire
Building of fortifications, defensive
walls, road systems
Drawing military officers and soldiers
from conquered people
 Military protection & projects (i.e.
roads) are what allowed trade to
flourish
Classical Civilizations
 Cities grew and served as centers of trade, religion,
and political administration

Persepolis, Chang’an, Pataliputra, Athens, Carthage, Rome,
Alexandria, Constantinople, Teotihuacan
 Society was as strict hierarchy
 Governments relied on a range of methods to
maintain food production and reward elites

Corvee, slavery, tribute, rent
 Society was patriarchal in all classical civilizations
Classical Civilizations
 Roman, Han, Persian & Mauryan empires created
difficulties that they could not manage that led to
their eventual decline, collapse and transformation
Internal Problems
External Problems
Environmental damage
Less loyal military
Social inequality/upheaval
Border fortifications weakened
Corruption
Outside invasion
Succession problems
Inflation & other economic problems
 Some rebounded successfully (China, India) due to
the creation of a social cement (Confucianism, Caste
System)
World Religions
Formed during Period 1
Formed during Period 2
Hinduism
Buddhism
Judaism
Confucianism
Jainism
Daoism
Zoroastrianism
Christianity
World Religions
 As states became more complex and formalized, so
did their religions
 Religion bound people together by creating a
common ethical code and reinforced political,
economic, and occupational stratification
(inequality)
 Religions affected gender roles, and often reinforced
subjugation of women (even if it contradicted
religion’s official teachings)
 Older, less codified beliefs did not disappear
(shamanism, animism, ancestor veneration)
World Religions
 Religions spread in a variety of different directions in
a variety of different manners
 In some cases their spread was stifled by official
government policies (i.e. Rome, Han China)
Religion
Spread to…
Spread by…
Buddhism
East & SE Asia
Ashoka, missionaries &
merchants
Confucianism
East & SE Asia
Merchants & gov’t
officials
Christianity
Europe, Middle East,
Africa
Missionaries &
merchants
Judaism
Europe & Middle East
Diaspora
World Religions
 Religion directly influenced most artistic endeavors
and different regions developed distinct styles
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Literature
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Drama

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Epics (Iliad & Odyssey, Aenid)
Greek tragedies and comedies
Sculptures
Architecture

(see examples on next slides)
Indian Stupa
Greek Parthenon
Roman Coliseum
Mayan Temple
Trade Routes
 Long-distance trade developed
over land and sea between classical
civilizations as demand for raw
materials and luxury goods
increased

As a result, cultural diffusion increased
(see qanat on next slide)
 New technology promoted trade
 Yokes, saddles, stirrups for use on
horses, oxen, llamas, camels
 Lateen sails and dhow ships used
on sea routes
Trade Routes
 Qanat – system of irrigation developed in Persia &
spread through trade routes
Silk Roads
 Silk Roads stretched from China to Roman Empire
starting during Han Dynasty
 Caravan cities emerged along route
Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes
 Routes developed across Sahara Desert to connect
Egypt & Mediterranean coast to West Africa
 Gold, salt, ivory, slaves became primary trade items
Indian Ocean Sea Trade Routes
 Sailors started to master seasonal monsoon winds
and trade connected Africa to East Asia
 Dominated by Indians, Malays, Arabs (later
Europeans)
Mediterranean Sea Trade Routes
 Controlled first Phoenicians, then Greeks, then
Romans – connected Africa, Europe, Asia
Period 2 Timeline
c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.
c. 1200
B.C.E. to 539
B.C.E
Phoenicians
c. 550 B.C.E.
Persian
Empires
begins
c. 500 B.C.E.
Start of
Buddhism
321 B.C.E. to
185 B.C.E.
Mauryan
Empire
c. 250 – 900
C.E. Classical
Mayan
Empire
c. 200 B.C.E. to c.
220 C.E. Han
Dynasty
c. 350 B.C.E.
Alexander the
Great creates
Hellenistic
Empire
c. 100
C.E. to
800 C.E.
Moche
c.0 – 100: Height
of Roman Empire
& Start of
Christianity
c. 200 B.C.E.
Silk Road
trade starts
to flourish
c. 500: Fall of
Classical
Civilizations
c. 600: Start
of Islam
320 to
550 C.E.
Gupta
Empire
Phoenicians,
Classical Greek,
Hellenistic Era &
Roman Empires
Mayan Citystates &
Teotihuaca
TransSaharan
Caravan
Route
Silk Roads
Persian
Empire
Qin & Han
Dynasties
Mauryan/
Gupta
Empires
Indian Ocean
Trade Route
Moche