Transcript She-wolf
Ancient Rome Rome Similarities to other ancient civilizations? What made it unique? Pros and cons of republic vs. empire? Where do we see traces of it in modern West? Archaic Rome The Origins of Rome In Latium Tiber River Foundation myth: Romulus and Remus Archaic Rome She-wolf (ca. 500 BC), Capitoline Museum, Rome Archaic Rome The Kings (ca. 625-509 BC) Original rulers of Rome (supposedly 7) Wielded imperium Advised by Senate Archaic Rome The Roman Family Patrician Carrying Two Portrait Heads (1st cent. AD) PATERFAMILIAS Oldest living male Nearly unlimited authority Women Subject to male authority Named after father’s clan Children Lots needed! Legitimized by paterfamilias Archaic Rome and Culture Questions? The Roman Republic The Roman Republic (ca. 500-27 BC) Established after overthrow of kings REPUBLIC (res publica) Goal: limit arbitrary authority of one person Government authority to be shared equally among Roman aristocrats The Roman Republic Republican Government CONSULS The Senate Supervised foreign affairs, treasury Lifelong terms DICTATOR The Senate Executive authority Term: 1 year Appointed during emergencies Wielded supreme executive authority Term: 6 months The Roman Republic Roman Expansion Formidable army (“iron legions”) By 133 BC Italy and Greek East conquered Built roads Established colonies The Roman Republic Greek Impact on Roman Culture Expansion exposure to Greek civilization Many Romans fascinated by Greece Enamored with Greek culture Greek tutors! Plundered Greek art Greek and Italian synthesis Greco-Roman culture The Roman Republic Cicero (106-43 BC) Exemplar of cultured Greco-Roman man Lawyer, politician Studied oratory, philosophy in Greek East Latin conduit of Greek thought Famous for his orations The Roman Republic The Punic Wars (264-146 BC) Mediterranean powers: Rome, Carthage Carthaginian Empire was great naval power Roman and Carthaginian animosity three wars End result: destruction of Carthage The Roman Republic First Punic War (264-241 BC) Over Sicily Rome built a fleet Rome was ultimate victor, due to trouble in Carthaginian government Outcome Carthage no longer maritime superpower Rome gained Sicily, more later The Roman Republic Corvus The Roman Republic Second Punic War (218-201 BC) Carthage recovered, expanded empire in Spain war! HANNIBAL invaded Italy (218 BC) via Alps, advanced to south Rome conquered Spain (206 BC), won in Africa (202 BC) Outcome: Carthage lost empire outside Africa The Roman Republic Questions? The Roman Republic Crisis in the Republic Power struggles, disregard for republican ideals 100+ years of warfare Slave War in Italy (73-71 BC) 70,000 + slaves revolted, led by SPARTACUS Defeated 4 legions Ultimately crushed 6,000 slaves crucified The Roman Republic Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Roman general, politician Extremely ambitious! Growing power threat to Senate, politicians Caesar invaded Italy (50 BC), gained control Hunted enemies down in Greece, Africa The Roman Republic The Fall of Caesar Returned to Rome in triumph more power! Senate granted Caesar title “dictator for life” (Feb., 44 BC) Assassinated by 60 senators (March 15, 44 BC) The Roman Republic The Collapse of the Republic Civil War: Caesarians vs. “Liberators” Leading Caesarians: Mark Antony and Octavian Defeated “Liberators” at Philippi (42 BC) Civil War: Antony vs. Octavian Octavian controlled Latin West; Antony, Greek East Turned on each other, suspicious of each other The Roman Republic Cleopatra VII (r. 51-30 BC) Hellenistic queen of Egypt Wore “two faces” Hellenistic monarch to Greeks and Romans Divine, pharaonic queen to Egyptians Encounters with Romans Met Julius Caesar lovers She and Antony lovers, allies The Roman Republic The Roman Republic Civil War: Antony and Cleopatra vs. Octavian Octavian victorious at Battle of Actium, Greece (September, 31 BC) Antony, Cleopatra committed suicide Octavian now master of Roman world Battle of Actium The Roman Republic Questions? The Roman Empire Augustus Caesar (r. 29 BC – AD 14) Called “Augustus” Task: tactfully rebuild Rome First Roman emperor Ruled as constitutional monarch Rome Augustan Reforms Centralized administration Efficient government for provinces Crusade against immorality Encouraged marriage childbearing Discouraged promiscuity, adultery Religion Restored neglected cults, priesthoods Repaired temples The Roman Empire Remains of Temple of Julius Caesar, Roman Forum The Roman Empire The Pax Romana and Culture PAX ROMANA: period of internal peace, stability, culture, prosperity “Golden Age” of Latin Literature Augustus was a patron of the arts Virgil’s AENEID Ovid’s Art of Love banishment! The Roman Empire Pont du Gard (1st cent. AD), Nîmes, France The Roman Empire Garden Room, Villa Livia (Late 1st cent. BC) The Roman Empire Augustus Caesar “I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble!” No heirs Rule stepson Tiberius The Roman Empire The Roman Empire Colosseum (AD 80) Largest amphitheater in Roman world 50,000+ spectators Beneath: waiting rooms, cages for beasts, equipment Mock naval battles! Main entertainment: gladiators The Roman Empire The Roman Empire 1989-1996 The Roman Empire The Second Century Roman Empire at its zenith Constant frontier warfare “Good emperors” The Roman Empire The Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180) “Enlightened” Devoted to Stoic philosophy, wrote about it in Meditations Peaceful, but had to continue military conflicts The Roman Empire Third-Century Anarchy (235-285) Assassinations, civil wars many emperors Continued frontier war empire stretched too thin Other disasters Capture of Valerian (r. 253-260) by Persians The Roman Empire Diocletian (r. 284-305) Ended crisis Reforms: tetrarchy, increased size of military Emperor now absolute monarch, lord Reforms 200 more years for Roman Empire The Roman Empire Questions? Rome Similarities to other ancient civilizations? What made it unique? Pros and cons of republic vs. empire? Where do we see traces of it in modern West?