Transcript Roman Baths
C 11: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase Innovation: The Arch and the Dome Colosseum: 70-80 CE Roman Arch: Spain Corbel Arch: Mesoamerica Naumachia: simulated naval battles in the Colosseum Roman Baths Circus Maximus: Chariot race track 2000 ft long/ 400 ft wide: 27,000 spectators Roman Road: Pompeii At peak: Roman Roads = 54,000 miles Roman Milestone Roman Milestone Pantheon: temple of the gods How did the Roman Republic treat conquered peoples? How did this change with the transformation to empire? Expansion of Republic w/ military threats and incentives: tax Incentives/ trade privileges/ promise of citizenship/ let them govern Their own affairs/ couldn’t make a military alliance with anyone else/ had to provide soldiers and military support for the empire Empire (Caesar): gave citizenship to provinces Empire (Augustus): more centralized… Theme 1 Geography Religion/ Belief Systems Theme 2 Theme 2 Achievements Mediterranean- eventually would include are as far east as Anatolia/Armenia, south to Egypt, present day Morocco, Britain and Wales: 2.2 million square miles at its height Polytheism: Roman deities/ many adopted from Greece/ Stoicism: adopted from the Greeks: active life, help others, scorn accumulation of wealth, live by reason according to nature Cults: Isis Judaism (Romans had problems w monotheism & refusal to accept state gods) Romans eventually crush Jews (66-70CE); Essenes/ Dead Sea Scrolls Religions of Salvation: Mithraism: no women, appealed to military, adopted from Zorastrianism and emphasized strength and courage Christianity: moral code, divine nature of Jesus, New Testament records teachings= Romans crucify him (Paul of Tarsus??) Variation on doctrine/ rituals/ resurrection/ role of women… Establishment of Republic/ Senate/ Consuls/ Tribunes/ Empire Roman constitution, Roman Law: 12 Tables/ “Innocent Until Proven Guilty”, right to challenge your accuser in court/ Road system/ Extensive trade/ Architecture: Concrete, Arch, Aqueducts, Fountains, Forum, Stadiums, Public Baths and Sewers/Postal System/ Well Organized military/ Navy The Christian Martyr’s Last Prayer” 1883 Policies ? Political Systems Theme 3 Economic Systems Theme 4 Theme 5 Social Systems Monarchy: Republic: Empire/ Punic Wars/Carthage? / Expansion of republic? /Gracchi Bros/ Sulla? Civil Wars Julius Caesar? Killed 44 BCE /Augustus? (Octavian)27 BCE “monarchy disguised as a republic” died 14 CE No private armies/ 12 Tables/ Pax Romana 117 CEperiod of great expansion/ no policy for dealing with domestic unrest….. Only “Bread and Circuses” (Evolution of treatment of conquered peoples??) Patrician ? Plebians? Consuls? Senate? (Effects?) Tribune? Dictator? Republic: agriculture/ latifundia?/ problems with land distribution/ Empire: Mare Nostrum: Navy = trade free from pirates/ economic Specialization/ wealth of Rome fueled great urban development/ Roads, communication, mileposts, services encouraged growth of trade Taxes and tribute collected Great wealth encouraged conspicuous consumption/ wealth in provinces encouraged growth of cities there/ development of infrastructure there Pater Familias!! Patricians/ Plebians/ Women did have influence in domestic sphere/ one third of the population were slaves Internal unrest: rebellions of the plebians/ land issues/ slave revolts (Spartacus: army of 70,000 slaves) Immigrants were attracted to Rome/ population at height= 60-100 million Punic Wars: 264 -146 BCE •70,000 soldiers and 37 elephants crossed the Alps into Italy • Romans spread salt in Carthage • Rome eventually defeats Carthage for control of Mediterranean •Hannibal drinks poison rather be controlled by the Romans Structure of Government Consuls Senate • Chosen by the Senate • 2 chosen each year • Head of State – commanded army • Could become Dictator for 6 months in times of need • Main lawmaking body • 300 Patricians appointed for life • Controlled foreign affairs • Selected Dictator • Veto (I forbid) power over Senate Assembly Tribunes • Elected by the Plebeians • 2 to 10 Chosen by Plebeian Council • Approved Consuls • Could Veto actions of the Consuls and the Senate • Later given power to pass laws (For Adult White Male Citizens) Roman Law: The Twelve Tables • Finally in 450B.C. the laws were engraved on 12 bronze tablets called the Twelve Tables. They were displayed in the Forum, so all citizens could see their rights. • First written law code in Rome – written in 451 B.C.E. • All Free citizens had equal protection under the law. • Protected the rights of the Plebeians Marriages between plebeians and patricians are forbidden An obviously deformed child must be put to death. A person who admits to owing money or has been adjudged to owe money must be given 30 days to pay. If a father sells his son into slavery three times, the son shall be free of his father