Transcript Kagan10ech04

Chapter 4
Rome: From Republic to Empire
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Prehistoric Italy
Bronze Age, ca. 1500 B.C.E.
Early invaders, ca. 1000, speak Italic
languages
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The Etruscans
Most powerful external influence on early Romans
Rose ca. 800 B.C.E. in Tuscany (west central coast)
Military ruling class, used native Italian labor
Religion: good & evil spirits, placated through rituals &
priests
Women had more active public role than in Greek polis
Expanded territory, 7th & 6th centuries B.C.E., declined
after 500 B.C.E.
Driven out of northern Italy around 400 B.C.E. by Celtic
peoples from Gaul
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Royal Rome
Latium: region around Rome
Imperium: power to issue commands and enforce them, granted to
kings by Roman people
Senate: second branch of early Roman government; about 300 for most
of the Republic; theoretically advisory, actually quite powerful
Curiate assembly: third branch of government; made up of all citizens,
called by king
Father had imperium over children. Women were under control of
adult males.
Clientage: social inferiors (clients) granted protection & assistance by
wealthy patrons in exchange for labor, military service, political
support; key institution
Two social classes:
Patricians: upper class, monopoly on power & influence; Senators
Plebians: lower class of poor farmers, laborers, artisans; clients
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Republic
Traditionally understood to have been created
after noble revolt of 509 B.C.E.
Constitution: unwritten laws & customs
Consuls: two, with imperium, elected for one year; led
army, performed religious duties, acted as judges;
powers legally limited
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Quaestors
Lictors
Dictator
Proconsul
Praetor
Censor
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The Republic (cont.)
Senate: only continuous deliberative body; made up of
prominent patricians; gained control of finances &
foreign policy
Assembly: early Republic had centuriate assembly—
army acting in a political capacity; basic unit was
century, 100 fighting men
Struggle of the Orders: two-century struggle of
plebians for political recognition; resulted in
creation of plebian tribunes to represent interests
in government; attained right to be elected consul
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Conquest of Italy
Etruscans defeated, 392 B.C.E.
Gauls invade from across Alps, defeat Roman army &
burn Rome, extract ransom, then go away
350 B.C.E., Romans rebound, fight off Gallic raids, subdue
Latins
Conquered peoples treated harshly if rebellious, but given
opportunity for advancement, even to Roman citizenship—
effective policy for successful Roman expansion
Greek king Pyrrhus defeated in southern Italy
By 265 B.C.E., Rome master of Italy to Po River by
defeating Samnites
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Punic Wars
Carthage: great naval power of western Mediterranean;
started by Phoenicians in 9th c. B.C.E. near modern Tunis,
North Africa
6th c.: Carthage rules N. Africa from Libya to Gibraltar,
southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, western Sicily
War between Rome & Carthage starts over Sicily
First Punic War (264–241 B.C.E.): Carthage loses Sicily
Second Punic War (218–202 B.C.E.): ends Carthage as
great power; Rome gains control of western Mediterranean
Third Punic War (149–146 B.C.E.): Carthage obliterated
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Conquest of the
Hellenistic World
Greece becomes effectively a Roman protectorate;
Rome aids Greece against Macedonians &
Seleucids
Macedonian Wars end with Rome breaking
Macedon up into four separate republics, 168
B.C.E.
Barbarians of Iberian peninsula eventually
pacified; Carthage destroyed
Leaves Rome with six provinces: Sicily, SardiniaCorsica, Macedonia, Hither Spain, Further Spain
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Civilization of the Early Roman
Republic
Greek culture highly influential, despite Roman
prejudice toward Greeks
Roman gods identified with Greek equivalents
Education: Greeks introduce humanitas: language,
literature, philosophy; broad intellectual training vs.
vocational training
Slaves: derived commonly from POWs; used for
domestic service, mining, trades; could have
families, sometimes buy freedom
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Roman Imperialism:
The Late Republic
Aftermath of conquest: family farms, devastated
by war, gradually replaced by large estates with
tenant farmers or slaves; increasing gap between
rich & poor
The Gracchi
Tiberius Gracchus: became tribune in 133 B.C.E. on
program of land reform; threatened power of Senate by
appeals to the assembly; eventually killed; politics
hereafter have higher stakes
Gaius Gracchus (brother): tribune, 123–122 B.C.E.;
further reforms, appeals to broad range of groups
(equestrians); tried & executed
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Late Republic (cont.)
Marius: elected consul and sent to end Jugurthine
War in Africa; political newcomer
Sulla: subordinate of Marius who trapped
Jugurtha, ending war; embittered when credit went
to Marius
Marius & Sulla struggle for power in Rome; civil
war leaves Sulla as dictator
Sulla uses power to massacre opponents
Reforms government, neutering the office of tribune
Improves courts & legal system
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Fall of the Republic
Republic undermined by special appointments
giving extralegal powers to certain people
Pompey: enormously successful & popular
general given wide powers in Spain, then Asia
Crassus: given command of most of Italy to put
down slave rebellion led by Spartacus
Julius Caesar (100–44 B.C.E.): as young
politician, allied with Crassus to build military
command & following
First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, & Caesar,
despite few commonalities, united in opposition to
Senate
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Julius Caesar
Elected consul, 59 B.C.E., enacting triumvirs’ programs:
Caesar: 5-year governorship of Illyricum & Gaul
Pompey: land bill settling up with his veterans
Crassus: tax breaks for his equestrian allies
Caesar conquers Gaul, Pompey seizes power in his
absence
49 B.C.E.: Caesar told to give up his command, but
“crosses the Rubicon”
Ensuing civil war lasts until 45 B.C.E.; Caesar appointed
“dictator for life”
March 15, 44 B.C.E.: Caesar assassinated by senatorial
conspiracy led by Cassius & Brutus
13 more years of civil war follow
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Octavian
Caesar named grand-nephew Gaius Octavius (63–14
B.C.E.) his successor; comes to be called Octavian
Second Triumvirate, 43 B.C.E.: Octavian, Mark Antony,
and Aemilius Lepidus—took control of Rome and given
near-dictatorial powers
Octavian gets West: becomes associated with order, justice, virtue
(lauded by poets Vergil & Horace)
Antony gets East: joins with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, in
Alexandria
Lepidus gets Africa: fades quickly
Antony and Octavian fall out, conflict becomes Rome vs.
Alexandria
Battle of Actium, 31 B.C.E.: Octavian’s forces victorious,
Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide; Octavian master of
Mediterranean world
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.