Transcript ap empires 600bce – 600ce

600bce – 600ce
Empires
Jewish faiths developed
• Monotheistic Hebrew faith in southwest
Asia was scattered ( the Jewish diaspora) to
the eastern Mediterranean region and into
central Asia by the Assyrians in
approximately 600 bce and by the Romans
around 70 ce. Jewish merchants carried the
faith to small pockets of communities in
major trade cities in Europe and in South
and East Asia.
Hinduism
• Hindu beliefs were influenced by concepts from
the Vedic religions brought by Indo-European
groups.
• Unlike Christianity and Buddhism- there is not
single founder. It developed over many years in
South Asia out of a blending of various religious
traditions, brought from outside the region.
• Caste system- cycles of birth, death, reincarnation.
The process could take many hundreds or
thousands of lifetimes. Karma determines which
way you move after death.
• OVER TIME – Caste system ( SOCIAL GLUE).
Empires came and went, invaders swept in, other
religions were introduced, but the caste system
remained!
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Buddhism
Developed after Hinduism
Began in South Asia circa 500 bce.
Founded by Prince Siddhartha Gautama ( the BUDDHA)
Maintained Hinduism belief in reincarnation but taught spiritually
there was no caste system.
Male and female, rich and poor shared same ability to reach nirvana.
Four noble truths- in life there is suffering, must end suffering reach
nirvana.
End suffering by following the eightfold path.
Buddha taught that ?’s about the existence of God were immaterial.
That those who reached Nirvana would find out whether there was a
Supreme being.
The Mauryan Emperor Asoka was an early supporter of Buddhist
missionary activity.
As it spread in the East and Southeast Asia it changed over time into a
Salvationist faith that saw the Buddha as a deliverer of eternal life.
This is the version we see most often today.
Christianity
• Began is SW Asia in 1st century ce (c. 35ce)
• Introduced to the Hebrews in Roman controlled Palestine by Jesus,
who preached salvation through faith in him as the Son of God.
• Jesus’s teachings were recorded in the Gospels and developed into
other writings by his disciples, especially Paul.
• Early Roman Empire- Christianity was seen as disloyal to the
emperor and they were persecuted.
• 4th century ce- Emperor Constantine made it the official religion of
Rome.
• Was spread through the work of missionaries and merchants.
• It was attractive because everyone was accepted.
• After the fall of Rome Christianity becomes even stronger (because
that is all the people can hold on to) in the region dominating politics
during the Middle ages.
Buddhism vs Christianity
• Similarity between Buddhism and Christianity is
that both faiths taught the spiritual equality of all
believers. Both gained more followers outside
their places of origin. Both were spread across
trade routes, by missionaries and merchants.
• Difference: Buddha himself did not promise
eternal life to his followers, while Jesus did
Confucianism
• circa 500 bce, China was undergoing political turmoil during the
Warring States period. The teachings of Confucius become the
bedrock of that society.
• The Analects- sayings of Confucius written after his death. Set a clear
set of rules for moral behavior, family, and political order.
• Filial piety – utmost respect for parents and obedience for those in
political power.
• Ethnocentric idea of Confucianism – attitudes that they are better than
other civilizations.
• Gender Patriarchy of Confucianism - placed men over women
• Civil Service Exam – The ideas of Confucius remain through
dynasties. It becomes tied to the government since the ones in power
must have passed an exam on Confucius ideas.
• NEO- CONFUCIANISM:Neo-Confucianism was an attempt to create
a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting
superstitious and mystical elements of Daoism and Buddhism that had
influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty.[
Daoism
• Developed in East Asia around the same
time as Confucianism.
• Taught there were close connections
between humans and nature. Balance and
harmony in all things.
• Attention to attaining a proper balance
influenced the medical practice of
acupuncture.
• Daoism influenced an architectural style
and landscapes.
• Laozi- Daoist philosopher ( Yin Yang)
Must know Empires in order of rise
• Phoenician city states and colonies around the Mediterranean ( c 1000-200
bce)
• Greek city-states colonies around the Mediterranean ( c 600-330 bce)
• Persia (Achaemenid) Empire (c 550-330 bce)
• Roman Republic (c 500 –30 bce)
• Alexander’s Hellenistic Empires ( c 330-30bce)
• Mauryan Empire ( c 321-185bce)
• Parthian Empire ( c 250bce-220ce)
• Qin Empire ( c 220-206bce)
• Han Empire ( c 206bce-220ce)
• Roman Empire ( c 30bce-476ce)
• Teotihuacan city state (c 100ce – 700ce)
• Moche Empire ( c 100-800ce)
• Mayan city states (c 250-900ce)
• Gupta Empire ( c 320-550ce)
• Byzantine Empire ( c 476-1453ce)
Forms of Gov. shared by most Empires
• Created complex forms of governments and
elaborate bureaucracies.
• Kings had administrative support- vice kings ruled
large portions of the empire, governors oversaw
smaller territories, city leaders reported the
governors.
• Empires had gov. record keepers, post office
officials, tax collectors, soldiers, census takers,
and judges.
• Many gov. in later eras modeled their systems on
these from the classical era.
Persian Empires
• Achaemenid and Parthian – because of their size they
contacts with Hebrews, Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans.
• Achaemenid Empire – centered in modern Iran. Stretched
from India across Turkey almost to Greece. Due to it’s
large size regional leaders called satraps were used to
watch over portions of the empire and report to king.
• Had one of the worlds first highway systems. Was used to
move the empire’s army and by the kings messengers.
• FALL – overextended itself and became vulnerable to
outside attack. Alexander the Great ( Greece) early 300’s
bce.
• After a century a new Persian based empire arose
(Parthian) defeated what still remained of Alexander’s
divided kingdom. Biggest Rival – ROME.
Chinese Dynasties
• QIN and HAN – religious tolerance,
technological achievements, governmental
system that lasted over 2,000 years.
• QIN – after the Chaos of the warring states period
the Qin dynasty arose. Mandate of Heaven idea
appeared during this time (Heaven would choose
the Emperor to Unite China)
• Emperor Qin Shihuangdi used legalism to
establish chain of command in bureacracy. Severe
punishment for those who broke the rules.
Han Dynasty
• Existed the same time as Roman Empire and exchanged
trade and diplomatic ties along Silk Road.
• Was roughly as large as Rome’s. More Technologically
developed than Rome. ( paper, sundials, calendars, rudder
on a ship, compass, broaden use of metals)
• Extended it’s power through a mix of diplomacy, trade and
military power.
• Building of the Great Wall of China started to keep
invaders. ( the construction lasted on and off for over 1,000
years)
• Also began digging the Grand Canal – to link Northern and
Southern China. Allowed grain from N. And rice from the
S. to trade. People also moved. The gov. moved many
people from the N. to the S. to promote unification.
India – Mauryan/Gupta
Mauryan:
Local and regional gov. were more powerful.
• Ashoka converted to peaceful life under Buddhism after years of
violent wars to expand his empire.Rock and Pillar Edicts- carved
throughout the empire, reminded citizens to live generous and
righteous lives.
• Despite his efforts to spread Buddhism, Hinduism remained.
• Traded with Mesopotamia and Rome.
• Had a strong Military.
Gupta:
Chandra Gupta the Great. Hinduism becomes dominant Religion.
• Covered roughly the northern half of today’s India.
• Concept of Zero and Pi. Efficient number system (later
introduced to the West as Arabic numerals) Chess, and medical
advancements(plastic surgery)
Phoenicians
• City-States in the Mediterranean
• Alphabet and reading from left to right.
• Great seafaring skills- to establish colonies in Greece,
Italy, North Africa, and Spain.
• Did not use military conquest. Were more interested in
trade.
• Specialized in luxury goods (words such as diamond,
cinnamon and rose trace back to origins of Phoenicians)
• Influenced Greek culture- Phoenician alphabet, and coins
were adopted by Greece.
• Later Rome will battle the Phoenician colony of Carthage
for economic and political control of the Western
Mediterranean.
Greek City-States
• Athenian Democracy – only free adult men
could be citizens and would vote at town
hall meeting type events.
• The other city states did not share this type
of government.They shared a common
language and religion. Sparta was a total
oligarchy – meaning a few men made the
gov. decisions and no dissent was permitted.
.
Hellenistic Empires
• Alexander the Great united multiple Greek city
states from the first time in their history. He led an
army to conquer Persia ( Achaemenid) in c
300bce. He expanded Greek border to include
Egypt and the Indus River region. After his death
the empire was divided among his top generals.
• With this conquest of Alexander the spread of
Greek culture and ideas to the newly conquered
territory in know as Hellenism.
• Blending of Greek math, science, and philosophy,
literature, governance, architecture, and art with
the existing forms in Egypt, SW Asia, Central and
S Asia.
Romans
• Patterned politics and culture after the Greeks.Roman army conquered
Greece after Alexander's death. Romans traded in many of their gods
in favor of Greek gods and gave them Roman names.
• Death of Julius Cesar and rise of emperor Augustus marks the change
from the Roman Republic (c 500-30 bce) to Roman Empire (c 30bce476 ce).
• Built monuments and aqueducts that carried water over long distances
to major cities. Roads crossed the Empire and led to Med., Eastern
and Western Europe and Britain. Roads were used to move military,
by merchants, and missionaries of Christianity.
• Romans also fought people within the empire that did not like being
under their control (uprisings in Britain, Gaul France, Germany, and
Palestine Jews.
• Extended their influence by using diplomats and merchants who
traveled beyond Rome’s borders and traded goods.Roman Republic
promoted migration to it’s colonies to spread the Roman way.
• Similarities of the Classical Rome and Han China
and Gupta India
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. agricultural-based economies, patriarchal family structures
2. complex governments – because they were so large, had to invent new
ways to keep their lands together politically; each was still unique
3. Central government relied on local officials to regulate society
4. trade important – connected by land and sea
5. Social hierarchy = Income gap
6. Land distribution issues
7. Capital cities are the center of artistic and scientific innovation; easier
during a time of peace/Pax
B. Similarities between Rome and Han
1. Expanded into terr. that brought a variety of char. but they also brought
cultural unity to those territories
2. Educated bureaucracy
3. Built infrastructure (roads or canals) to promote commerce, help military
move, etc.
4. Built walls/forts to protect against invaders which led to economic
problems keeping up with the costs
5. Government lost loyalty of the people as they were asked for more
money to pay for the military