Transcript Chapter 5 Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity

Unit 3 Lesson 2
Ancient Rome
1
Geography
-Located on the Italian
peninsula, in the center of
the Mediterranean Sea
-The Alps are in the North
-The Apennine Mts. are on
the eastern coast
-broad, fertile plains in the
north and west
2
Geography
3
Rome Geography
Rome is located:
-On the banks of the
Tiber River
-On and around seven
hills
Why would this
geographic
location be an
advantage?
4
Early Civilization
-Italy was originally occupied by many different
groups of people
-Two main groups were Greek colonists and the
Etruscans
-The Etruscans ruled much of central Italy and
Rome itself
-Ancestors of the Romans, the Latins, settled in the
area that is now Rome around 800 B.C.
5
Legend of the Founding of Rome
753 B.C. – Rome founded
(according to legend) by
Romulus and Remus,
twin sons who were
raised by a wolf.
-According to the tale,
the twins’ mother was a
Latin woman and their
father was the war god
Mars
6
Politics
509 B.C. – Rome became a Republic.
-Romans drove out their Etruscan ruler, Tarquin
the Proud and swore to never have a king again.
7
Laws
451 B.C. – Twelve Tables
- Code of Laws; used the Ten Commandments as
a basis
- All citizens were equal before the law
8
Structure of the Republic
-Patricians= landholding
upper class
-Plebeians= farmers,
merchants, artisans, traders
Patricians
Plebeians
9
Structure of the Republic
-Senate= governing body; citizens elect leaders to vote
-Consuls= two patricians
-Dictator= assigned to be in charge in the event of a
war
-Voting rights were only extended to free-born males
10
Structure of the Republic
-Plebeians have no say
in the government
- Eventually get to elect
their own officials called
tribunes in 494 B.C.
- For 84 years, (421-337
B.C.) plebeians fought to
have a role in each part
of the government
11
Social Structures
-Roman women were nearly social equals of men
-Ran the household
-Given authority and respect
-Had personal freedom
-Owned property
-Could testify in court
12
Religion
-Romans were polytheistic-they believed in
many gods and goddesses
-Many of the gods were adapted from the
Greek gods
Greek God
Roman God
Zeus-ruler of all gods
Jupiter-ruler of all gods
Hera-wife of Zeus,
protected marriage
Juno-wife of Jupiter,
protected marriage
Poseidon-god of the sea
Neptune-god of the sea
-Roman calendar is full of feasts and celebrations to
honor the gods and goddesses
-Temples for worship to ask for divine assistance
13
Art, Architecture, and Literature
-Borrowed many cultural influenced from the Classical
Greeks – Greco-Roman culture developed
-Frescoes were painted on walls
-Literature followed Greek forms and models but
addressed Roman themes
14
Art, Architecture, and Literature
15
Art, Architecture, and Literature
-Built spectacular works
such as the Coliseum
-Elaborate arches,
domes, concrete
16
Art, Architecture, and Literature
-Aqueducts were used
to transport water to
urban areas
17
Politics
-Rome grows strong and begins conquering the rest of
Italy
-By 270 B.C., Rome controls most of the Italian peninsula
-Military is made up of citizens
-Rome conquered justly- allowing those conquered to
keep their culture, customs, and government- as long as
they supplied soldiers, paid taxes, and acknowledge
Roman leadership
18
The Punic Wars
-Series of wars fought between
Rome and Carthage (N. Africa)
-Rome fought Carthage in
three wars from 264 B.C. to
146 B.C. (118 years)
19
The Punic Wars
20
The Punic Wars
264 B.C. – 1st Punic War Begins. Rome won control of Sicily.
21
The Punic Wars
218 B.C. – 2nd Punic War Begins. Hannibal
invaded northern Italy.
22
The Punic Wars
23
The Punic Wars
202 B.C. - Hannibal was defeated at Zama by Scipio
24
The Punic Wars
146 B.C. - 3rd Punic War Begins.
Rome destroyed Carthage and
made Carthaginians their slaves.
25
Republic to Empire
133 & 121 B.C. - The Gracchus Brothers were murdered
-They had worked to help
the poor, but the Senate
had them killed.
-Their murders resulted in
civil wars.
26
Republic to Empire
-Civil wars break out to decide who should hold power.
The senate wanted to keep the status quo; political
leaders wanted to weaken the senate and enact reforms
-Slave uprisings throughout the republic
-Armies became loyal to their commanders because
they gave them benefits such as captured land
27
Turmoil in Rome
88 B.C. – Sulla marched
on Rome and became
Dictator
28
Turmoil in Rome
60 B.C. – Triumvirate formed between Julius Caesar,
Crassus, and Pompey (3 generals)
-Cicero worked during this time to recreate the values of
the Republic
58-54 B.C. - Caesar conquered Gaul and Britain.
49 B.C. - Caesar invaded Rome and defeated Pompey.
47 B.C. - Caesar invaded Egypt and appointed Cleopatra
queen.
29
Turmoil in Rome
46 B.C. – appointed Dictator by the Senate.
44 B.C. – named Dictator for life, later assassinated by
Senate. Marc Antony got control of Rome
30
Turmoil in Rome
43 B.C. – Second Triumvirate formed between Marc
Antony, Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), and Marcus
Lepidus.
31 B.C. – Battle of Actium, Octavian defeats Marc Antony
and Cleopatra.
31
Roman Empire
27 B.C. – Octavian declared “Augustus Caesar”
Beginning of the Roman Empire
-Conquered territory
-Single sovereign authority
-Controlled militarily
Pax Romana began – brought peace, built public
buildings, created a lasting government, and set up civil
service, allowed Christianity to spread
32
Roman Empire
27 B.C. to A.D. 68 – Julian-Claudian Dynasty – Augustus
Caesar, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero
33
Roman Empire
5/4 B.C. – Birth of Christ in Judea.
AD. 28 – John the Baptist executed.
AD. 30 – Jesus crucified - Roman leaders feared he
would incite people with claims he was the Messiah.
-Peter and Paul continued to spread Christianity.
34
Roman Empire
A.D. 64 – Fire destroys Rome; Nero orders persecution
of Christians.
35
Roman Empire
A.D. 122 – Construction of Hadrian’s Wall begins.
36
Roman Empire
37
Roman Empire
c. A.D. 250 – Decline of Rome
-Bread & Circuses – rulers attempted to keep the
people happy by providing food and entertainment
(gladiators)
38
Roman Empire
Causes
-Disruption of Trade
-Inflation, higher taxes
-Food shortages due to overworked soil and civil
wars.
-Invading Barbarians
-Lack of trustworthy generals
-Empire had expanded too rapidly
39
Roman Empire
A.D. 285 – Emperor Diocletian was unable to defend the
Empire from Germanic invaders.
-Divided Empire in half.
-Diocletian ruled the East.
-Co-emperor Maximian ruled the West
-Diocletian tried to fix the economy and declared
himself a son of a Roman god.
40
Roman Empire
41
Roman Empire
A.D. 313 – Roman Emperor Constantine said Christians
would not be persecuted; later made Christianity the
official religion
AD. 324 – Constantine became Emperor of both halves
of Empire.
Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium and
renamed it Constantinople
AD. 407 – Rome leaves Britain.
42
Roman Empire
A.D. 410 – Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome
AD. 444 – Huns unite under Attila and terrorize all of the
Roman Empire.
43
Roman Empire
44
Roman Empire
AD. 476 – Germanic people control much of Europe.
Removed last western Roman Emperor from the throne.
-The Byzantine Empire in the east continued
45
Roman Empire
A.D. 529 – Justinian Code
-Byzantine law code
-Foundation for western legal tradition
46