Transcript Chapter 9 Europe: Early History

Chapter 9
Europe: Early History
1
Section 9.1
Classical Europe
(pages 236–239)
2
Did you know???
The ancient Greek Olympics included
boxing, footracing, and the pentathlon
(wrestling, long jump, running,
throwing the discus, and throwing the
javelin), as well as chariot racing and
an event called the pancratium—a
brutal mixture of boxing and
wrestling.
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I. The Golden Age of Greece
(pages 236–237)
A. The Classical period of Greece
reached its “Golden Age” in the 400s
B.C.
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I. The Golden Age of Greece
(pages 236–237)
B. By that time, the city-state, or polis,
had grown from being ruled by a king
to the almost direct rule of the people,
or democracy.
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I. The Golden Age of Greece
(pages 236–237)
C. Athens was the home of the world’s
first democratic constitution.
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I. The Golden Age of Greece
(pages 236–237)
D. Athenian artists produced famous
and influential works of philosophy,
literature, and drama. Three great
philosophers were Socrates, Plato,
and Aristotle.
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I. The Golden Age of Greece
(pages 236–237)
E. During this period, city-states like
Athens and Sparta often fought
against each other because they
wanted to expand their empires.
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I. The Golden Age of Greece
(pages 236–237)
F. In the 300s B.C. Phillip II and his
son, Alexander the Great, conquered
all of Greece.
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II. The Rise of Rome (pages
237–238)
A. Rome was settled sometime around
1000 B.C. and dominated much of the
Italian Peninsula by 700 B.C.
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II. The Rise of Rome (pages
237–238)
B. The Romans were a mostly
agricultural society and were less
likely to live in cities.
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II. The Rise of Rome (pages
237–238)
C. Rome started as a monarchy, but
changed to a republic. In a republic,
people choose their leaders.
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II. The Rise of Rome (pages
237–238)
D. The foundation of Roman law was
the Twelve Tables. The “tables” were
actually bronze tablets on which laws
regarding wills, courts, and property
were recorded, and the laws applied to
all citizens of Rome, both common
and noble.
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III. From Republic to Empire
(pages 238–239)
A. From 246 to 146 B.C. a series of
wars transformed the Roman Republic
into the Roman Empire.
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III. From Republic to Empire
(pages 238–239)
B. The peoples conquered by Rome were
given Roman citizenship and
equality under the Roman law.
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III. From Republic to Empire
(pages 238–239)
C. Under the empire, Senators lost
power to emperors, or absolute
rulers, of Rome. Caesar Augustus was
the first Roman Emperor, and he
initiated the Pax Romana.
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III. From Republic to Empire
(pages 238–239)
D. Jesus Christ was born a citizen of
Rome. Christianity became the
official religion of the Roman Empire
in the A.D. 300s.
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III. From Republic to Empire
(pages 238–239)
E. The Roman Empire began to decline
in the early A.D. 300s. Some of the
causes were reform in government
coming too late, plagues that killed
many people, and the crumbling of
the frontier defenses in the north.
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Section 9.2
Medieval Europe
(pages 241–244)
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Did you know???
In the Middle Ages, Christians made
pilgrimages to Palestine to visit the
places associated with Jesus Christ.
To journey to these sites, European
pilgrims might have to travel for years
and put up with many hardships and
frequent danger.
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I. The Rise of Christianity
(pages 241–242)
A. It was during the Middle Ages that
Christianity in the form of the
Roman Catholic Church became a
political power in Western Europe. By
the A.D. 500s, popes had become the
leaders of the Church.
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I. The Rise of Christianity
(pages 241–242)
B. In Eastern Europe, Christianity was
known as Eastern Orthodoxy and
was under the leadership of the
emperors in Constantinople.
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I. The Rise of Christianity
(pages 241–242)
C. The early popes sent missionaries,
teachers of Christianity, to every part
of Europe. Through its schools, the
Christian Church greatly advanced
learning in Europe.
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I. The Rise of Christianity
(pages 241–242)
D. Beginning in the A.D. 1000s, the
Church sponsored a series of holy
wars called the Crusades.
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II. The Holy Roman Empire
(page 242)
A. The Germans combined their
common law, the unwritten laws that
come from local customs, with Roman
law and founded kingdoms all over
Europe— from Spain to England to
Germany and Italy.
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II. The Holy Roman Empire
(page 242)
B. One of the most important German
kingdoms was that of the Franks.
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II. The Holy Roman Empire
(page 242)
C. In 771 Charlemagne was elected
king of the Franks.
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II. The Holy Roman Empire
(page 242)
D. On Christmas Day in the year 800,
Charlemagne was proclaimed the
protector of the Christian Church in
the West and was crowned the head of
the Roman Empire in the West, which
became known as the Holy Roman
Empire.
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III. Medieval Society (pages
242–243)
A. Most people during the Middle Ages
were farmers who lived under
feudalism.
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III. Medieval Society (pages
242–243)
B. Under feudalism, lords would give
land to a noble or knight to work,
govern, and defend. In return, those
who received the land swore loyalty to
the lords and became their vassals.
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III. Medieval Society (pages
242–243)
C. The feudal estate and basic economic
unit was called the manor.
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III. Medieval Society (pages
242–243)
D. Two types of farmers on the manor
were tenants and serfs. Serfs were
not as free and usually poorer than
tenant farmers.
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IV. The Growth of Cities (page
244)
A. Towns in the Middle Ages were fairly
independent and free of the feudal
lords’ control. They served as centers
of trade and manufacturing.
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IV. The Growth of Cities (page
244)
B. Manufacturing came under the
control of workers’ organizations
known as guilds.
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IV. The Growth of Cities (page
244)
C. Over time, some towns grew into
cities and became political and
religious centers as well.
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IV. The Growth of Cities (page
244)
D. Kings won the support of the
townspeople by building great
cathedrals and granting the residents
privileges and freedoms in written
documents called charters.
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Section 9.3
The Beginning of Modern
Times
(pages 245–249)
37
Did you know???
Many of the crops grown in the world
today were originally from the
Americas and introduced to Europe
during the Age of Exploration. These
crops include corn, potatoes,
tomatoes, and chocolate.
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I. The Renaissance (pages
245–246)
A. The growth of cities and trade and
the gradual breakup of feudalism led
to the end of the Middle Ages.
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I. The Renaissance (pages
245–246)
B. The Renaissance—sparked by an
interest in education, art, and
science—began around 1350 in cities
of northern Italy and spread to other
cities of Europe.
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I. The Renaissance (pages
245–246)
C. Curiosity and enthusiasm for life
were at the heart of the Renaissance.
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I. The Renaissance (pages
245–246)
D. Noted Renaissance artists were
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
Buonarotti.
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I. The Renaissance (pages
245–246)
E. During the Renaissance, writers
began to use the language they spoke
every day instead of Latin or French,
the language of the educated.
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I. The Renaissance (pages
245–246)
F. The printing press with moveable
type was invented around 1450 by
Johannes Gutenberg. The printing
press made books more numerous
and less expensive, thereby
encouraging more people to learn to
read and write.
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I. The Renaissance (pages
245–246)
G. Western European rulers became
more powerful.
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II. The Protestant
Reformation (pages 246–247)
A. Some people during the Renaissance
believed that Church leaders were
more interested in wealth than
religion. Others disagreed with
corrupt practices of the Church.
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II. The Protestant
Reformation (pages 246–247)
B. Because these Christians
“protested” Catholic teachings, they
came to be called Protestants. The
movement to reform, or change, the
Catholic Church was called the
Protestant Reformation.
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II. The Protestant
Reformation (pages 246–247)
C. Two Protestant leaders were Martin
Luther, who organized his own new
Christian Church that taught in
German, and John Calvin, whose
followers included the American
Pilgrims.
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III. The Age of Exploration
(page 247)
A. By the mid-1400s, Europe began to
reach out beyond its boundaries in a
great age of discovery and
exploration.
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III. The Age of Exploration
(page 247)
B. In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella of Spain sent an Italian
navigator, Christopher Columbus,
westward across the Atlantic
searching for another way to Asia.
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III. The Age of Exploration
(page 247)
C. The Dutch, English, and French
soon joined the Spanish and
Portuguese in exploring and settling
and trading with the Americas, Asia,
and Africa.
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III. The Age of Exploration
(page 247)
D. Eventually—in addition to trade
goods—people, diseases, and ideas
were distributed around the world in
a process called the Columbian
Exchange.
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IV. Revolution (pages 247–
249)
A. A revolution is a great and often
violent change. In America, the
colonies won freedom from their
European mother countries. In
Europe, people fought for freedom
from their kings, queens, and nobles.
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IV. Revolution (pages 247–
249)
B. Toward the end of the eighteenth
century, people came to feel that they
should play a greater, more direct role
in government. John Locke and Jean
Jacques Rousseau believed the
government should serve the people
and protect them and their freedom.
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IV. Revolution (pages 247–
249)
C. In Britain, kings and queens were
forced to accept a constitution, a
plan for government that shared
power, but gave most of it to the
Parliament.
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IV. Revolution (pages 247–
249)
D. In the 1770s, the American colonies
revolted against European control
and became a model for many
revolutions in Europe and the
Americas.
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IV. Revolution (pages 247–
249)
E. The French Revolution stimulated
other peoples to demand more
personal and political control over
their lives.
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To Be Continued…
The Industrial Revolution, World
War I, The Great Depression, World
War II, and the Cold War.
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