Transcript CHINA and ROME

CHINA and ROME
Empires of
the East and the West
Han China and Imperial Rome
Pre- Empire States
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CHINA
Shang Dynasty,
c.1750 bce-1100 bce
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introduction of writing
Zhou Dynasty,
c.1100 bce- 221 bce
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establishment of Confucianism
and Taoism
 Qin (Chin) Dynasty,
221 bce-206 bce
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origin of name of China
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ROME
 Etruscan Civilization, c.700
bce-509 bce
 Legendary Roman kings,
753 bce-509 bce
 patricians: aristocrats and
professionals
 plebians: farmers, craftsmen,
laborers
 patronage system
 pater -- paternalism
 pietas -- duty
 Roman Republic,
509 bce -27 bce
Qin (Chin) Dynasty : 221-206 bce
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First unified the country by subjugating the Warring States
Established central bureaucracy
Legalism supplanted Confucianism: persecuted scholars and
burned books
Standardized writing, currency, weights and measures
Major building projects
 Used forced labor of convicts
 Roads and canals
 Palaces
 Connected fortification walls to build 5000 kilometer Great
Wall
Mausoleum of 1st Qin Emperor
ShinHuangdi
 ShiHuangdi’s
Mausoleum was discovered in 1974
by farmers digging a well. The 13 year-old
emperor had ordered 800,000 workers to build his
tomb.
 Terra Cotta Army
 Rebellions broke out after Emperor’s death in 210
bce: dynasty overthrown after only 15 years of
rule
Etruscan Civilization, 8th-5th c. bce
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May have migrated to Italy from
Anatolia (Turkey)
Thriving cities with paved streets,
defensive walls and large temples
Skillful bronze, iron and gold
work
Challenged by Greeks from sea
and Celts from Gaul (France)
Monarchy: last king -- Tarquin the
Proud deposed by Romans
Etruscan Necropolis
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Underground family tombs with stone vaults
covered by earth
Murals with scenes from everyday life: hunting,
fishing, feasting, dancing, religious ceremonies
Joyful scenes in early tombs give way to gloomy
violent scenes as Etruscans lost power to the
Romans (4th-2nd Century bc)
Etruscan Art
Liberated Etruscan Women
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“Etruscan women take particular care of their bodies
and exercise often, sometimes along with the men, and
sometimes by themselves. It is not a disgrace for them
to be seen naked. They do not share their couches with
their husbands but with the other men who happen to
be present, and they propose toasts to anyone they
choose. They are expert drinkers and very attractive.
The Etruscans raise all the children that are born,
without knowing who their fathers are.”
Theopompus of Chios, 4th cent. BCE
Roman Kingdom: Regnum Romanum
753-510 bce
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In Roman legend, the Trojan hero Aeneas sailed across
the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded Lavinium.
His son Iulus went on to found the city of Alba Longa.
From Alba Longa's royal family came the twins
Romulus and Remus, who went on to found the city of
Rome in 753 BCE.
The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius
Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BCE and the establishment
of the Roman Republic.
Legendary Kings
Kings of Rome were elected by the Senate
King
Traditional Reign
Romulus
Numa Pompilius
Tullus Hostilius
753 BC–716 BC
715 BC–674 BC
673 BC–642 BC
Ancus Marcius
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
Servius Tullius
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
642 BC–617 BC
616 BC–579 BC
578 BC–535 BC
535 BC–510 BC/509 BC
The Gauls destroyed all of Rome's historical records when they sacked the city 390 BC , so
no contemporary records of the kingdom exist, and all accounts of the kings must be highly
questioned. Archaeological evidence does, however, support that a settlement was founded
in Rome around the middle of the 8th century BC.
Accomplishments of the Roman Kings
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Settlement and continual expansion of the city
of Rome (aided by rape of the Sabine women)
Establishment of Senate to serve as king’s
council
Establishment of Roman legions
Establishment of the Vestal Virgins
Reform of the calendar to 360 days, adding the
months of January and February
Introduction of coinage
Establishment of a census dividing the
population into classes according to wealth
The Rape of Lucretia
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The son of the last king of Rome,
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (535
BC to 510 BC), raped a Roman
noblewoman named Lucretia.
Lucretia compelled her family to
take action by gathering the men,
telling them what happened, and
killing herself.
Lucius Junius Brutus incited the
people of Rome against the royal
family by displaying her body
and led an uprising that drove the
Tarquins out of Rome
The monarchy was replaced with
the new Roman Republic.
Botticelli, The Death of Lucretia, c. 1500
The Roman Republic
509 bce - 27 bce
 Senatus populisque Romanorum (The Senate and People
of Rome):
 Senate -- patricians
 Consilium plebis -- tribunes elected by plebians
 Military Campaigns
 Italian peninsula
 Punic Wars: 264-146 bc
 Invasion of Macedonia and Greece 145 bc
 Gaul 58 - 50 bc
 Egypt 31 bc
 Emergence of equites class: soldiers and merchants
Civil Wars
50 bce-27 bce
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First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus and Julius
Caesar
49 bc Caesar crosses the Rubicon
45 bc assassination of Caesar by Senate
Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Lepidus and Marc
Antony
31 bc Battle of Actium: death of Antony and
Cleopatra
27 bc Octavian declared Caesar Augustus
CHINA:
The Han Empire, 206
bce-220 ce
The Han Dynasty
206 bce-220 ce
Liu Bang restored order and established Han
Dynasty
 Centralized Imperial rule
 Emperor Han Wudi, “the Martial Emperor” 141-87
bce
Military Prowess
 Extended cultural influence over Korea,
Vietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia
Confucianism Restored
State philosophy
Honored and employed scholars in
government
Instituted civil service exam system
 Imperial University established 124 bce to
educate bureaucrats
China’s most famous historian: Sima Qian
(145-87 bce)
Han Science and Technology
 Inventions:
The first compass
 Paper
 Porcelain
 Compass
 Seismograph
 Manufacture of
Steel
Museum of Earthquakes with Biography of Zhangheng,
inventor of Seismograph
Sima Qian
(145-87 bce)
 China’s most famous historian
 Shiji (史記, "history record"), an overview of the history of
China covering more than two thousand years from from the
earliest times to his own day during the reign of Emperor Han
Wudi
 Historians regard Sima Qian’s work as their model, which
stands as the "official format" of the history of China.
In writing Shiji, Sima Qian initiated a new writing style by
presenting history in a series of biographies
Emperor Han Wudi
“the Martial Emperor”
141-87 bce
 Military Prowess
 Extended cultural influence over Korea,
Vietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia
 Built enormous bureaucracy relying upon
Legalist principles of government
 Established Imperial University 124 bce to
educate bureaucrats with Confucianism as the
curricular basis
 Established long-distance trade along the
Silk Road as a result of information brought
back by the envoy Zhang Qian
The Silk Road
 China to India, across Central Asia to Antioch, Baghdad, Alexandria
and Rome
 Trade
 East to West: silk and spices
 West to East: manufactured goods (glassware, jewelry, perfumes)
and commodities such as olive oil
 Religious movements
Buddhism to Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China
 Hinduism to Southeast Asia
 Christianity to Persia, India and China
 Epidemics
 2nd and 3rd c. ce Han and Roman Empires suffered large-scale
epidemics: small pox, measles, bubonic plague
 Population decline lead to economic and social change
ROME:
The Empire
Pax Romana
27 bce - 180 ce
 Caesar Augustus’ reign (27 bc-14 ad) considered
the Golden Age of Rome
 Establishment of law and civil order throughout Empire
 Rome became an international city
 Public works: aqueducts, public baths, theatres,
marketplaces, roads, libraries
 Economy rested on slavery: slaves ranged from field
laborers to secretaries, teachers, and artists -- often
earned enough to buy freedom
Aeneas carrying Father,
Laertes, and leading Son,
Ascanius, from Troy
Roman Culture: Literature
 Virgil’s Aeneid
 Epic poem – provided foundation myth for
Roman Empire
 Embodied Roman ideals
 Pater familias
 Pius Aeneas
 Divine intervention in founding of Rome
 Favorite of Caesar Augustus
 Ovid’s Metamorphoses
 Collection of classical myths from the
Mediterranean rendered in poetic form
 Emphasized the continual nature of change
 Exiled by Caesar Augustus
Roman Culture: Philosophy
 Stoicism
 Held that emotions like fear or envy either were, or arose from, false judgements
 The sage--a person who had attained moral and intellectual perfection--would
not undergo emotions: the sage is utterly immune to misfortune and virtue is
sufficient for happiness.
 Epicureanism
 Based upon the teachings of Epicurus (c. 340–c. 270 BC),
 A general attack on superstition and divine intervention
 The greatest good was to seek modest pleasures to attain a state of tranquility
and freedom from fear as well as absence of bodily pain through knowledge of
the workings of the world and the limits of desires.
 Neo-Platonism
 School of philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century ce, based on the teachings of
Plato and earlier Platonists
 Human perfection and happiness were attainable in this world, without awaiting an
afterlife. Perfection and happiness could be achieved through philosophical
contemplation
Theatre
Tragedy: Seneca
Comedy: Terence and
Plautus
Spectacle
Gladiatorial
Combat
Naval
Battles
Chariot
Races
Roman Culture
Comparisons
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China
 Well organized bureaucracy
founded on Confucian ideals and
education
 Emphasis on family, ancestors:
patriarchal
 Reliance on gentry as support:
good marriages afforded women
more rights
 Engineering: roads, canals, the
Great Wall
 Inventions: wheelbarrow,
gunpowder, printing press,
compass, paper, paper currency
(all before 1000 ad)
 Religion: Confucianism, Taoism,
native gods, introduction of
Buddhism
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Rome
 Well organized bureaucracy
founded on Roman law and
classical learning
 Emphasis on family: pater
familias
 Reliance on patricians: women
gained power and property rights
within families
 Engineering: roads, aqueducts,
amphitheatres, domes, sewage
systems, central heating
 Inventions: concrete, the arch
(probably Etruscan), insulae
(apartment buildings)
 Religion: Emperor as god,
paganism, mystery religions,
introduction of Christianity
Empires in Decline
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Han China
Infighting among ruling elites
 Inequitable distribution of
land -- tax burden fell on
peasants rather than on large
landowners
 Series of peasant rebellions
 Usurpation of political
authority by generals -- allied
themselves with landlords
and became warlords
 220 ce: generals divided
empire into 3 kingdoms
 Emigration of nomadic
peoples into N. China kept
the country disunited
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Imperial Rome
Internal opposition:” barracks
emperors”
Difficulties in administering vast
empire lead to division of
authority and rivalry
Eastern and Western Empire:
Constantine moved capitol of
Empire to Constantinople
Germanic invasions by Vandals,
Ostrogoths, and Visigoths
410 ce Visigoths sacked Rome
476 ce Odawacer deposed the
last Western Roman Emperor
5th c. Eastern Roman Empire
became known as Byzantine
Empire
CHINA and ROME
END