Upper GI Bleed
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Transcript Upper GI Bleed
Approach to Upper
GI Bleeding
Julia Lee, PGY-2
March 2016
UCI Internal Medicine Residency
Learning Objectives
• Review the major causes of upper GI bleeding
• Learn how to triage patients with upper GI
bleeding to ICU vs floors
• Understand acute management of upper GI
bleeding
Major Causes
Cause
Prevalence
Peptic ulcer
33.9%
Esophagogastric varices
32.8%
Erosive esophagitis
8.1%
Mallory-Weiss tear
6.4%
Erosion
5.1%
Tumor
5.1%
Esophageal ulcer
2.1%
Portal gastropathy
1.0%
Dieulafoy lesion
0.9%
Cameron lesion
0.7%
Other
2.7%
Characteristics of Bleeding
• Hematemesis – coffee ground vs bright red blood
• Bright red blood: moderate to severe bleeding
• Coffee-ground emesis: slower bleed
• Melena – dark, tarry, pungent
• Usually due to an upper GI bleed
• Can also be from the small intestine or proximal
colon if it’s a slow bleed
• Hematochezia – bright red blood
• Usually lower GI bleed
• Can be seen with massive/brisk upper GI bleeding
Examination
Vitals
Signs of hemodynamic instability
Abdominal examination
Stigmata of liver disease
Signs of perforation
Rectal examination
NG lavage (not required for upper GIB), but can
help differentiate between upper and lower GIB
Labs
•
•
•
•
CBC, coags
LFTs, albumin
BUN/Cr >30
Note: Guaiac testing does not provide
information in location
Emergent Management
• Monitor hemodynamic stability
• Triage – ICU vs Wards
•
•
•
•
• Hemodynamic instability or active bleeding -> ICU
Immediate GI consult
Two large bore IV lines (16 gauge or larger)
Bolus infusions of isotonic crystalloid
Transfusion
• STAT Type and Cross
• pRBCs – Hgb <7, hemodynamic instability
• FFP, platelets – coagulopathy, plt <50 or plt dysfunction
• Trend H/H q6 hours
• NPO
Triage
• Rockall Score (most commonly used) to help triage
Score 0
Score 1
Score 2
Age
<60
60-79
>80
Shock
None
Pulse >100
SBP <100
Major
Comorbidity
None
Cardiac Failure,
Ischemic Heart
Disease, similar
major morbidity
Evidence of
bleeding
None
Blood, adherent
clot, spurting vessel
Diagnosis
Mallory-Weiss tear,
but no major lesions
and no stigmata of
recent bleed
Other nonmalignant
gastrointestinal
diagnoses
Score < 3 carries good prognosis
Score >8 carries high risk of mortality
Upper
gastrointestinal
tract malignancy
Score 3
Renal failure, liver
failure, metastatic
cancer
Medications
• PPI
•
•
Protonix 80mg IV bolus, then 8mg/hr infusion
Studies have shown that intermittent PPI boluses are
noninferior to bolus followed by infusion
• Avoid NSAIDs, ASA, anticoagulants,
antiplatelets
Suspected variceal
bleeding/cirrhosis
• Somatostatin analogues
• Octreotide 50mcg IV bolus, then 50mcg/hr infusion
• Antibiotics
• Most common regimen is Ceftriaxone (1 g/day) x5-7
days
• Can switch to Norfloxacin PO upon discharge
Triage
No
Floors
Yes
ICU
Hemodynamically
unstable? Active
bleeding?
Protonix
Assessment &
Resuscitation
(vitals, exam, labs,
stabilization, IV
fluids, transfusion)
Medications
Octreotide
If variceal
bleeding/cirrhosis:
GI Consult
NPO
Antibiotics
Clinical Scenario
• 67 yo M with medical history significant for HTN
and osteoarthritis who presents to the ED with 3
episodes of coffee–ground emesis today.
• Denies previous episodes of hematemesis. No
history of liver disease or coagulopathy. Denies
any abdominal pain, melena, hematochezia,
lightheadedness or dizziness.
• Surgeries: None
• Social:
• Occasionally uses EtOH on weekends.
• No other tobacco or illicit drug use.
• Medications: HCTZ, Lisinopril, and Ibuprofen PRN
for joint pain
• Allergies: None
Physical exam
• Vital Signs on arrival:
•
•
•
•
•
•
• T 98.9, HR 102, BP 108/72 (lying), 106/68 (standing) , Pox
99% on RA
General: AAOx3, conversant
HEENT: NC/AT, no scleral icterus, conjunctiva pink.
CV: Tachycardic, no m/r/g
Lungs: CTAB
Abdomen: soft, non-tender, non-distended, no HSM
Rectal: dark brown stool present, +guaiac
Labs
•
•
•
•
WBC 7.8, Hgb 9.8, Plt 245
PT 12, INR 1.0,
AST 20, ALT 17, ALP 50, Albumin 3.7, TP 7, Bili 0.6
BUN 28, Cr 1.4
Clinical Scenario
• What is the likely etiology of the bleeding?
• Where should the patient be triaged?
• What is the appropriate acute management?
Take-Home Points
Obtain a good history
Triage to ICU vs Wards
Contact GI immediately
Exam and diagnostic data
Emergent management
ABCs, two large bore peripheral IVs, fluid resuscitation,
possible transfusion
PPI
If you suspect variceal bleed/cirrhosis, add somatostatin
analogue and empiric antibiotics
References
• Saltzman J, Feldman M. (2015, November 12) Approach to acute upper
gastrointestinal bleeding in adults. Retrieved from www.uptodate.com.
• Srygley F, Gerardo CJ, Tran T, Fisher DA. Does This Patient Have a Severe
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed?. JAMA.2012;307(10):1072-1079.
• Sachar H, Vaidya K, Laine L. Intermittent vs Continuous Proton Pump
Inhibitor Therapy for High-Risk Bleeding Ulcers: A Systematic Review and
Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med.2014;174(11):1755-1762.
• Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute
upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med.2013;368(1):11-21.
• MKSAP 17