Transcript الشريحة 1

Kidney stones
Prepared by : Sukainah Al abdulmohsin
201102554
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Out line :
definition .
description .
signs and symptoms.
Type of renal stone .
Diagnosis.
Treatment .
Prevention .
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Introduction
Kidney stones are a solid accumulations of
material that form in the tubal system of the
kidney. Kidney stones cause problems when they
block the flow of urine through or out of the
kidney. When the stones move along the ureter,
they cause severe pain.
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Description
Urine is formed by the kidneys. Blood flows into
the kidneys, and specialized tubes (nephrons)
within the kidneys allow a certain amount of fluid
from the blood, and certain substances dissolved
in that fluid, to flow out of the body as urine.
Sometimes, a problem causes the dissolved
substances to become solid again. Tiny crystals
may form in the urine, meet, and cling together to
create a larger solid mass called a kidney stone.
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About 10% of all people will have a kidney
stone in his or her lifetime. Kidney stones are
most common among:
•Caucasians
•Males
•People over the age of 30
•People who have had kidney stones
previously
•Relatives of kidney stone patients
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Sign and symptoms
-Patients who have kidney stones usually do
not have symptoms until the stones pass into
the ureter.
-may notice blood in their urine.
-severe pain,The pain is crampy and
spasmodic, and is referred to as "colic." The
pain usually begins in the flank region, the area
between the lower ribs and the hip bone.
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-As the stone moves closer to the bladder, a
patient will often feel the pain radiating along
the inner thigh.
*In women, the pain may be felt in the vulva.
*In men, the pain may be felt in the testicles.
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-Nausea.
-vomiting.
-extremely frequent and painful urination.
-Fever and chills usually means that the
ureter has become obstructed
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis includes:
-Diagnosis of renal stone disease involves a medical
history.
-physical examination.
-laboratory evaluation,
*laboratory examination of a urine sample
*x-ray examination.
*Urin collection for 24 hours
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. The physician determines if the patient has a
history of kidney stones, documents past
medical conditions, and evaluates present
symptoms
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Type of renal stone :
•Calcium stones. About 80% of all kidney
stones fall into this category
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•Struvite stones. About 10% of all kidney
stones fall into this category.
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•Uric acid stones. About 8% of all kidney stones
fall into this category
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•Cystine stones. About 2% of all kidney stones
fall into this category.
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Treatment
-pain relief.
-narcotic pain medications (like morphine) are
usually required
-patient is encouraged to drink large amounts of
water (2-3 quarts per day.
-If symptoms and urine tests indicate the
presence of infection, antibiotics will be
required.
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-Surgical removal of a stone may become
necessary when a stone appears too large to
pass. Surgery may also be required if the
stone is causing serious obstructions, pain
that cannot be treated, heavy bleeding, or
infection.
-Several alternatives exist for removing
stones. One method involves inserting a tube
into the bladder and up into the ureter.
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. Open surgery to remove an
obstructing kidney stone was
relatively common in the past,
but current methods allow the
stone to be crushed with
shock waves (called
lithotripsy). These shock
waves may be aimed at the
stone from outside of the
body by passing the
necessary equipment through
the bladder and into the
ureter.
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The shock waves may be
aimed at the stone from
inside the body by placing
the instrument through a tiny
incision located near the
stone.
The stone fragments may
then pass on their own or
may be removed through the
incision.
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Prevention
Prevention of kidney stones depends on the type
of stone and the presence of an underlying
disease. In almost all cases, increasing fluid
intake so that a person consistently drinks
several quarts of water a day is an important
preventative measure.
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Patients with calcium stones may benefit from
taking a medication called a diuretic, which has
the effect of decreasing the amount of calcium
passed in the urine.
- Eating less meat, fish, and chicken may be helpful
for patients with calcium oxalate stones.
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Other items in the diet that may encourage
calcium oxalate stone formation include beer,
broccoli, chocolate, spinach, and tea.
-Uric acid stones may require treatment with a
medication called allopurinol.
-Struvite stones will require removal and the
patient should receive an antibiotic.
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Conclusion:
Did you know that anyone has stones
in their kidney ?
Most are smaller than a grain of sand
and you pass them without ever
knowing they were there !
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Referance
National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd St.,
New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010.
http://www.kidney.org.
http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/kidney+stones
Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and
Alternative Medicine. (c) 2005, Elsevier.
Posted by lifenurses on March 1, 2010
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