Age Related Bone Loss and Osteoporosis PowerPoint
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Transcript Age Related Bone Loss and Osteoporosis PowerPoint
Age-related Bone
Loss and
Osteoporosis
Nahid Rianon, MD, DrPH
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Assistant Professor, Division of Geriatric and Palliative
Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine
Dr. Nahid Rianon was a member of the Houston
Geriatric Education Center faculty. During her
time with the grant, she developed and
presented these slides to an interprofessional
audience.
Dr. Rianon is with The University of Texas
Health Science Center at Houston. She is an
Assistant Professor, Division of Geriatric and
Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal
Medicine.
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This project was funded by a grant from the
Health Resources and Services
Administration (HRSA) of the Department of
Health and Human Services. The grant was
initially funded in 2007 with renewed funding
for five years beginning in 2010. (Grant
#UB4HP19058). The grant was successfully
completed in June, 2015.
Attendees will recognize osteoporosis and related
fractures as important health care problem of old
age
Attendees will understand the patho-physiology of
age related bone loss
Attendees will be able to calculate fracture risk in
geriatric patients and treat osteoporosis with an
individualized plan for each patient
Attendees will be knowledgeable about prevention
of age related bone loss & related fractures
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Rianon- HGEC- Osteoporosis , 2015
Fractures can decrease
quality of life:
Physical: pain,
compressed abdomen,
spinal deformity
Functional: decreased
mobility
Psychosocial: depression
Rate of recurrent
vertebral fracture after
the initial one: ~5-20%
NOF
Hip fracture
~50% with hip
fractures will never
walk w/o assistance
~25% will require
long-term care
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Rianon- HGEC-Osteoporosis, 2015
~ $22 billion is spent annually for
osteoporosis and related fracture in the
Blume & Curtis, 2010
USA
~ $7 billion is spent annually for breast
State of Health Care Quality, 2007
cancer in the USA
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~10,000 baby boomers turn 65 everyday
Number of elderly Americans (≥65 yrs)
34 million in 1998 to ~ 70 million in 2030
Concerns of under-recognition and under-treatment
~20% f/u for treatment after fragility fractureOwn the Bone
Fracture- often first sign of presence of osteoporosis
~ half of the osteoporosis related office visits managed
by PCPs
5% in 2002 to 20% in 2008 (NHAMCS)Rianon et al., 2013
HTN, ↑ lipid, OA, DM & depression - common in them
Barriers
For PCPs/Geriatricians: Competing chronic disease
priorities & lack of resources
Rapidly growing geriatric population – not enough trained
specialty care physicians
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Rianon- HGEC-Osteoporosis, 2014
Osteoporosis & related fractures - important public
health problems of old age
~10 million Americans suffer from osteoporosis NOF
~ 34 million are at risk
More than 2 million fractures in the USA in 2005
were attributable to osteoporosis
prevalent fractures
vertebral fractures (most common)
hip fractures
wrist fractures
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Rianon- HGEC-Osteoporosis, 2015
For Women:
Incidence of fractures
per year exceeds that of
stroke, MI & breast
cancer combined
For Men:
Fracture risk is
higher than that of
prostate cancer
~1 in 2 Caucasian
women ≥50 years
experience a fracture in
their lifetime
~1 in 5 men ≥50
years will experience
a fracture
Osteoporosis affects men & women of all races/ethnicities
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Compromised bone strength that
increases risk of fracture
Bone Strength is characterized by
Bone density &
Other bone qualities, e .g., micro-architecture
influenced by bone remodeling, bone turnover,
mineralization and other factors that are more
difficult to quantify, such as “damage
accumulation”
(NIH consensus conference 2000)
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Osteoporotic bone
Quantitative
& qualitative
changes
©2012 Multimedia Scriptorium, UTHealth
Trabecular bone
Mineral
loss
Cortical bone
Healthy femur
Fragility Fractures
Loss of mineral
& microstructure
Rianon- HGEC-Osteoporosis, 2015
mg/cm2
ASBMR 2011
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Source: ASBMR using data from Looker A et al., 1998 Osteop. Intl
Types
Trabecular
20%
of skeletal mass
Greater surface area
than cortical
Provides supporting
strength to the ends
of weight-bearing
bones
Cortical
80%
of skeletal mass
Solid outside shaft of
long bones
http://www.asbmr.org/default.aspx
Cells
Osteoblasts
Critical to bone
formation
Osteoclasts
Reabsorb bone
Osteocytes
Exact role is still
under investigationinvolved in bone
turnover
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Physiology- Normal State
Osteoclast
Osteoclast
Precursor
Osteoblast
Precursors
Osteoblast
LEGEND: LC = Lining Cells
CL = Cement Line
OS = Osteoid
BRU = Bone Remodeling Unit
Normal Bone Remodeling Sequence
Resorption = Formation
No change in bone mass
Rianon- HGEC-Osteoporosis, 2015
Pathogenesis of age-related bone loss:
Unbalanced Remodeling
Net bone loss
Resorption > Formation
Inadequate
calcium or
vitamin D
Menopause
Aging
Medications
or diseases
Osteoporosis
Normal
Bone Structure
Osteoporotic
Bone Structure
Rianon- HGEC-Osteoporosis, 2015
DXA scan - Left hip
DXA scan - Lumbar spine
Osteoporosis = A T- score of <-2.5 for BMD
Osteopenia = A T-score of -1 to -2.5 for BMD
Usual sites for DXA are lumbar spine and left hip
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Who should we screen: USPSTF
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Screening: other organizations
Organization Recommendations
Women
men
NOF
BMD for all ≥65 y &
BMD for all ≥70 y
postmenopausal <65 y, & 50-69 y, based
based on risk profile
on risk profile
WHO
Indirect evidence
supports screening for
≥65 y, but no direct
evidence for widespread
screening
ACP
ACOG
Older men at high
risk & candidate
for therapy
BMD for all ≥65 y &
postmenopausal <65 y
who have ≥1 risk factor
Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:356-364
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Age (40-90), gender,
height & weight,
race/ethnicity
Previous fracture
Rheumatoid arthritis
2ndary Osteoporosis
Hip fracture in parents
Current smoking
Alcohol
Glucocorticoids (oral)≥
3 months @ dose 5mg
daily or more –
or equivalent doses of
other glucocorticoids
DM-I, OI in adults,
Untreated Hyper or
Hypothyroidism,
Premature Menopause
(<45 yrs),
Chronic malnutrition or
malabsorption &
Chronic liver disease
Bone mineral density
(BMD)
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T-score between -1.0 to Hx of hip fracture
2.5 @ fem. neck, total hip
Other prior fractures &
or spine AND 2ndary
T-score between -1.0 to
cause ↑ risk of fracture
-2.5 @ fem. neck, total
Steroid use, total
hip or spine
Height loss (vert. frac.)*
immobilization, men
w/androgen deprivation
therapy
T-score ≤-2.5 @ fem.
neck, total hip or spine T-score between -1.0 to
-2.5 @ fem. neck, total
hip or spine AND 10-yr
probability of hip fracture
≥ 3% or any major
osteoporosis-related
www.nof.org/professionals/clinical-guidelines fracture ≥ 20% (FRAX)
* Hannan et al., 2012 JBMR
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Bisphosphonates
Oral
Alendronate 10 mg daily
or 70 mg wkly
Risedronate 5 mg daily
or 35 mg weekly or 150
mg/mo
Ibandronate 150 mg/mo
Intra-venous
Zoledronic acid 5 mg/yr
Teriparatide
Recombinant human
PTH (not >2 yrs)
Contra-indicated in
cancer patients)
20 mcg sq daily
Denosumab
60 mcg sc/q 6
Humanized monoclonal
antibody
Calcium (1200-1500 mg) + Vitamin D (800-1000 IU daily)
www.nof.org/professionals/clinical-guidelines
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SERM
Raloxifene – not
commonly used
because it increases
risk of DVT &
increased hot flashes
Testosterone
If hypogonadism is the
cause of osteoporosis
Caution if history of
prostate cancer
Estrogen/Progestin
Not encouraged due to
increased risk of
breast cancer, stroke,
DVT and coronary
diseases
www.nof.org/professionals/clinical-guidelines
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Calcium
1000-1500 mg
daily
Consider intake
with diet
Formulation:
Carbonate (with
meal)
Citrate (fasting
state)
www.nof.org/professionals/clinical-guidelines;
IOM & Endocrine society guidelines
Vitamin D
Screen at-risk patients
Check 25 hydroxy
vitamin D total
Recommended level
30 ng/dl
Ergo/Chole-calciferol
800-1000 IU daily
Unless <30 – then
50000 IU q weekly for
8-12 wks
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Medication
Fracture outcome
Side Effects
Bisphosphonates
Reduces risk of vertebral,
non-vertebral & hip (except
ibandronate) fracture
•Gastro-intestinal irritation
•Myalgia & arthralgia
•Renal toxicity
•Atypical fracture
•Osteonecrosis of jaw
Teriparatide
Reduces risk of both vertebral •Osteosarcoma observed in
& non-vertebral fracture
rats (contra-indicated in
patients with history of cancer)
Denosumab
Reduces risk of vertebral,
non-vertebral & hip fracture
Silverman & Christiansen, 2012, Osteop Intl
•Dermatitis
•Hyporcalcemia
•Osteonecrosis of jaw
•Pancreatitis
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Rianon- HGEC-Osteoporosis, 2015
For Bisphosphonates:
Alternate options
Atypical fracture
Switch to other
Jaw necrosis
agents
Severe GERD/gastritis or
Teriparatide: up to
GI bleed
2 years
Unimproved BMD despite
treatment
Fracture while being on tx
Intervention
Drug holiday
Monitor with DXA/1-2 yrs
Monitor bone markers/yr
*Rianon N et al., 2011
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DXA Acquired BMD
Stable or improved
BMD
Loss of BMD <%CV
showing no
significant change
over mechanical
drift from QA report
for DXA machine
Carey J, 2005; Delmas P et al., 2009; ASBMR
Bone Markers
Suppression of Bone
markers
Both formation and
resorption markers
not a standard
practice yet
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Fracture Liaison Services (FLS)
Goal:
Bringing patients back for DXA
Improve rates of f/u
Results:
Improved follow up and prevention
Increased continuity and quality of care
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↑case identification,diagnosis,treatmentBogoch et al.,2006, JBJS-Am
Increased BMD test (3-45%)Inderjeeth et al., 2010 MJA
Liaison between orthopedics & discharge destination
health care team (including PCP)
↑ provider awareness & treatmentSwitzer et al.,2009 JortTrau
↑ treatment with documentation & f/uWard et al., 2007 Osteop Int
Fracture prevention algorithm
Kaiser Permanente, 2009
No information on BTM
Inter-professional team worked together
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Formation
Serum bone specific
alkaline phosphatase
(BAP) (5.6-29 mcg/L)
Serum pro-collagen
type 1 aminoterminal propeptide
(P1NP) (20-108 mcg/ml)
Osteocalcin (8-32 ng/ml)
Resorption
Serum C-terminal
cross-linking
telopeptide of type I
collages (CTX)
Urine N-terminal
cross-linking
telopeptide of type I
collagen (NTX)
2nd
void sample in the
AM (4-64 nmol
BCE/mmol
creatinine)
ASBMR: http://www.asbmr.org
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85 year old CF, BMI 21, lost about 4” since age 30s, no
hx of cancer/previous fx/other 2ndary risk of osteop, no
FHx of osteop or hip fx in parents, former smoker, social
drinker, exercises regularly, hx of tx for osteoporosis w/
bisphosphonates for 14 yrs w/o much improvement in
BMD. DXA acquired femur neck T scores since 1997
were:
T score Fem Neck
Year
-2.1
1997
-2.2
2006
-2.1
2008
-2.0
2010
Change from baseline was +2.0%
DXA was done using the same machine at the same place
U-NTX 18, P1NP 11, Vit D, Calc, PTH, Mg & Phos WNR.
What would you do at this point?
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• Patient had osteopenia: In a patient with osteopenia –
treatment is indicated if FRAX score indicates
treatment or she has a history of fragility fracture
FRAX not valid for her due to history of treatment with
bisphosphonate
• Also has a long history (>5 years of bisphosphonate
use)
• Bone markers are suppressed
• Stop bisphosphonate – start drug holiday, monitor in
a year
• Continue calcium and vitamin D supplementation and
weight bearing exercise
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http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/chapter_6.html#NutritionsImpacto34
nBoneHealthAReviewoftheEvidence
Weight bearing
exercise
Stimulates bone
formation
2.5 to 4 hours/wk of
moderate to severe
intensity physical
activity
Non-skeletal
Environmental/Behavioral
Fall prevention
Improve balance & gaitPT/OT
Smoking cessation
Avoid risk level alcohol
use
Avoid flexion in patients
with risk of or hx of
Calcium and Vitamin D
vertebral fracture
Regular supplemental
FLS (Fracture Liaison Services)
required dose
Network within the clinic,
or group of providers
Chodzko-Zajko WJ et al., 2008 & ASBMR
(2ndary prevention)
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Osteoporosis is a progressive & chronic
metabolic bone disease that decreases bone
density with deterioration of bone structure.
Clinical Diagnosis = T- score of <-2.5 for BMD
Prevention & treatment with a comprehensive
and individualized approach.
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* Hannan et al., 2012 JBMR
Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:356-364
ASBMR: http://www.asbmr.org
Bogoch et al.,2006, JBJS-Am
Chodzko-Zajko WJ et al., 2008 & ASBMR
http://www.asbmr.org/default.aspx
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/chapter_6.html#NutritionsImpactonBon
eHealthAReviewoftheEvidence
Inderjeeth et al., 2010 MJA
IOM & Endocrine society guidelines
Kaiser Permanente, 2009
(NIH consensus conference 2000)
Rianon N et al., 2011
Silverman & Christiansen, 2012, Osteop Intl
Source: ASBMR using data from Looker A et al., 1998 Osteop. Intl
Switzer et al.,2009 JortTrau
Ward et al., 2007 Osteop Int
www.nof.org/professionals/clinical-guidelines
www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX
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?
Questions?
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