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Schizophrenia
Chance Ogden
Health II
History of Schizophrenia
• Accounts of schizophrenia date back thousands of years into the past,
starting with an old Egyptian medical document known as the Ebers
Papyrus
• Within this document lies a chapter called the book of hearts, which speaks
of patients with symptoms such as madness and delusional thinking, as well
as insanity. This document is believed to be an early account of
schizophrenia.
This image is a page of the document
that details various symptoms of an
illness believed to be schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Of Antiquity
•
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mentally ill were all seen as evil and were thus treated the same.
• Patients were often treated through methods that seem strange today. These
include methods such as water boarding, exorcisms, and another that
involves drilling into ones skull in order to remove evil spirits.
• All people who acted abnormal were simply seen as being “mad”, so an
efficient way of classifying mental illnesses such as schizophrenia did not
exist at this time
Emile Kraepelin
• Kraepelin used the term “dementia praecox” for patients with symptoms
that are now associated
with schizophrenia.
Dementia
In 1887, German
physician ,Emile Kraepelin,
was praecox means
thelife’.
first person to classify the illness as a mental
‘dementia of early
disorder.
• Kraepelin mistakenly thought that the illness only occurred in young people
and that it led to mental deterioration. He was also mistaken on some of the
various symptoms and general understanding of schizophrenia as it is
known today.
• He may have been incorrect about the nature of schizophrenia, but he was
the first person to distinguish schizophrenia from other types of illnesses.
His work would pave the way for later researchers.
Eugen Bleuler
• The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek roots schizo, which means
split, and phrena, which means mind.
• Bleuler’s term was not meant to convey the idea that those with
schizophrenia have a “split mind”. Rather, this term was made to
emphasize the fragmented separation between personality, thinking and
perception.
• Bleuler also divided the symptoms of schizophrenia into two categories:
positive and negative symptoms
In 1911, Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler,
coined the term “schizophrenia” and ironed
out Kraepelin’s inconsistent and inaccurate
findings about the illness.
What is Schizophrenia?
• Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by strange or delusional
thinking, hallucinations, paranoia, and poor emotional responses.
• Schizophrenia has been an enigmatic illness for much of human history, but
recent advances in physiological, psychological, neurological, and genetic
science is on the verge of understanding the mystery behind the illness.
• The symptoms of schizophrenia
are divided into two different categories:
This is a self portrait of a person inflicted
positive and negativewith
symptoms
schizophrenia. Note the artists
distorted sense of reality and self perception
Positive And Negative Symptoms
Positive
Negative
• Hallucinations and paranoia.
• Delusions of grandeur, reference,
persecution, and control.
• Disorganized speech and thinking.
• Other types of strange and erratic
behaviors.
• Depression and reduced pleasure
of daily activities.
• Lack of facial, social and
emotional expression.
• Social withdrawal and reduced
speech.
Positive symptoms deal with that which is
present in only a schizophrenics mind.
This includes:
Negative symptoms involve that which
is present in healthy minds as well, but
to a higher degree. This includes:
Hallucinations
• A hallucination is a sound or other sensation that is experienced, but only
in the persons mind
• The most common hallucination is experienced through auditory means,
such as hearing voices or sounds that do not exist.
• These voices often talk about the persons behavior, to themselves, or they
may even order the schizophrenic to perform certain actions. These voices
tend to be abusive, violent, critical, and are often more so when the
schizophrenic is alone.
Hallucinations are a frightening part of a schizophrenic's life
• Schizophrenics may also see objects or people that aren't there, smell
odors that nobody else detects, and feel things touching them when
nobody is near.
Delusions
• The delusion of grandeur is the belief that one is an important or historical
figure such as Napoleon or Albert Einstein. They often believe that they
have powers that nobody else has, such as the ability to read minds or fly.
• The delusion of persecution is the belief that something is out to get them.
This often involves bizarre plots such as evil platypuses from Saturn being
intent on stealing their tap water, or aliens planning on abducting them.
• The delusion of reference is the belief that a normal event or object in the
world specifically
happened or was made for them. This can include TV
Delusional thinking is a common symptom of schizophrenia. The four types
messagesofordelusions
advertisements
they reference,
believeand
arecontrol.
targeted
onlyis for them.
are: grandeur, that
persecution,
A delusion
a belief that is believed to be true, but is considered false by others due to
evidence or claims from others that contradict the belief.
• The delusion of control is the belief that one’s thoughts and actions are
being controlled by outside forces, such as aliens or the CIA
Disorganized Speech and Behavior
Speech
Behavior
• Perseveration- repetition of
words and statements and rapid
shifting of topics with no
connection to the next.
• Clang- unnecessary overuse of
words that rhyme.
sometimes
have
fragmented
• Schizophrenics
Neologismsmade up
phrases
or
and
sometimes
patterns of only
speech.to
words
that bizarre
have meaning
This can include what they say and how they
the schizophrenic.
say it.
• Decline in functioning
• Unpredictable or inappropriate
emotional responses.
• Lack of impulse control
• Erratic and bizarre decisions
Schizophrenia causes a dangerous
disruption in one’s behaviors. This
Includes:
Negative Symptoms
• Schizophrenics may have a flat facial expression when they speak and often have
a dull and monotonous voice.
• May have symptoms of depression such as a lack of pleasure in everyday life or
inability to sustain friendships and activities.
Negative Symptoms
are those
that are present
in
• May have difficulties
with speech
and maintaining
a conversation.
people without schizophrenia, but that schizophrenics
have to a much higher degree. This often includes
depression and other emotional and social problems
• May have a lack of emotional and social expression.
• Although the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are technically not as severe as
the positive symptoms, they are actually more responsible for giving the
schizophrenic a low quality of life due to their difficulties contributing to society
and the fact that negative symptoms are much harder to treat than the positive
symptoms.
Causes of Schizophrenia
• The true cause of the illness is still a mystery, however, physiological,
psychological, neurological, and genetic science is closer than ever before
at unlocking the secrets of schizophrenia.
• There are many theory’s on the cause of the illness, but the following are
the most agreed upon amongst researchers.
The temporal lobes are responsible for hearing,
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the theory's on the causes of the symptoms of the
illness.
Genetic and Neurochemical Causes
• Schizophrenia can be passed down through families and those who have a
close relative with schizophrenia are more likely to develop the illness.
• Those with schizophrenia are more likely to develop rare genetic mutations
and this involves hundreds of genes
• An imbalance in neurotransmitters known as dopamine and glutamate,
substances in the brain that allow communication between cells, may lead
to many of the symptoms
of schizophrenia.
nd
•
The deletion of the 22 human chromosome, the chromosome responsible for
allowing the brain to produce important chemicals that assist with functioning
skills, maythe
leadpositive
to deficient
neural activity,
thus leadingare
to schizophrenia.
Although
symptoms
of schizophrenia
often associated with
areas of the brain such as the frontal and temporal lobes, as well as the
hippocampus, it is believed that no one region of the brain is responsible
for the illness.
Environmental Causes
• Prenatal complications such as viral infections and malnutrition, and other
stressors can also increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.
• Low oxygen levels at birth are a possible cause.
• Faulty fetal-neural development involving deficient connections may lie
dormant until puberty, when the symptoms start to manifest.
• Heavy substance abuse during adolescents can infect brain development,
thus leading to schizophrenia.
• Fluid filled cavities in the brain called ventricles are larger in a
schizophrenic brain than in a non-schizophrenic brain. This can resuklt in
deficient brain development
Treatment
• Although schizophrenia is currently an incurable illness, it is possible to
receive help and medication to manage the symptoms and live a happy life.
This can be acomplished with the following methods of treatment.
• Antipsychotic, antidepressant and antianxiety medications are very useful
in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
• The negative symptoms can be treated through educating loved ones about
the illness and attending different types of therapy sessions in order to find
ways to live with schizophrenia and live a happy fulfilling life.
Myths and Facts about Schizophrenia
Myths
Facts
•
Schizophrenia is a rare illness.
•
The lifetime risk of developing
schizophrenia is 1 in 100.
•
People suffering from schizophrenia are
dangerous.
•
•
Treatment of the illness is impossible.
Hallucinations and delusional thoughts
may lead to violence, but most
schizophrenics are not a danger to others.
•
Schizophrenia means one has a split
personality or multiple personalities.
•
Long term treatment may be required, but
many people are eventually able to cope
with the illness and live happily.
•
Schizophrenia is an entirely different
illness than multiple personality disorder.
Schizophrenics are merely “split” off from
reality.
Image Sources
•
Slide 2- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus
•
Slide 3- http://tmsredmentalhealth1800.d20blogs.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity
•
Slide 4- http://chatafrik.com/special/ideas-that-made-the-world/emil-kraepelin-men-of-ideas#.U3Y-ndJdWSo
•
Slide 5- https://forbiddenhistories.wordpress.com/tag/kurt-godel/
•
Slide 6- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia
•
Slide 8- http://wellingtonretreat.com/2013/07/adolescent-psychosis/
http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/creative-public-awareness-ads/
•
Slide 9- http://drgrantmullen.com/q-a-forums/schizophrenia/
•
Slide 11- http://www.recovery.org/topics/bipolar-disorder/
•
Slide 12- http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/122/4/593.full
•
Slide 13- http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/publications/press_releases/schizophrenia-microRNAs.html
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