ESRD Case Study Presentation
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Transcript ESRD Case Study Presentation
ERSD:
END STAGE
RENAL DISEASE
Kathryn Atwater
PVAMU Intern 2012-2013
Patient Background
71 year old
Hispanic, white female
Middle Class
Separated
Lives with daughter
3 children
History of tobacco use but no alcohol
Stage 5 Renal Failure
General Health History
Sleeps well
Light physical activity
Limited
due to walker
Housework
Tries to “walk” as much as possible
Lost 50 lb over past year
Food intake varies based on daughter
Alert with some memory loss
Recent Medical History
First hospitalized 1/30/13 for:
Chronic
CHF exacerbation
Anemia
2/3/13
CVC
placed in right chest
High creatinine finalized decision (5.06 mg/dL)
Started hemodialysis immediately
No previous dialysis
Plans to get AVF as soon as possible
Past Medical History
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypertension
Congestive Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease
Hypercholesterolemia
Legally Blind
Glaucoma
Anemia
Heart Attack
Stroke
Family History
Mother:
Heart
Attack
Diabetes
Kidney Cancer
Colon Cancer
Hypertension
No known medical history for father
Children in good health
Admission Values
Ht: 60”
Wt: 54.4 kg
Current Wt: 53.8
IBW: 54 kg
%IBW: 99.6%
BMI: 23.11
BP: 208/86
Minor Edema
Stable Weight Trend
No swallowing or GI
problems
Lab Values
Patient
Normal
7.6 (L)
12-16
8.4-10.2
4.2
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.5
5.2 (H)
2.5-4.5
3.0-5.5
138
135-145
9.8 (L)
12-16
10-12
Ferretin (ng/mL)
1217 (H)
3-151
200-500
PTH – Intact (pg/mL)
333 (H)
10-65
150-600
Albumin (g/dL)
3.4 (L)
3.5-5
Min: 3.5
Hb A1c (%)
6.2 (H)
4.4-6.1
Less than 7.0
Glucose (mg/dL)
172 (H)
70-105
80-180
76
-
4.38 (H)
0.8-1.6
Calcium (mg/dL)
Potassium (mEq/L)
Phosphorus (mg/dL)
Sodium (mEq/L)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
URR (%)
Creatinine (mg/dL)
Dialysis Rec.
135-145
Opt: 4.0
65 or above
2-15
Medications
Oral:
IV
Acetaminophen
Epogen
Nifedipine
Hectoral
Clonidine
Pravastatin
Docusate
Escitalopram
Lisinopril
Tramadol
Tums
Medication Descriptions
Medication
Use
Drug/Nutrient Interactions
Acetaminophen
Pain Reliever/Fever reducer
BP medication, cholesterol
medication, antibiotics, etc
Nifedipine
Reduce BP/reduce angina
grapefruit products
Clonidine
Reduce BP
alcohol
Primvastatin
HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, or, Alcohol, grapefruit
statin, reduce LDL and increase
products, other statins,
HDL
spironolactone,
Docusate
Stool softener
n/a
Escitalopram
Antidepressent
Alcohol; Cold or allergy
medicine, narcotics,
sleeping pills, muscle
relaxers
Medications Continued
Medication
Use
Drug/Nutrient Interactions
Lisinopril
Ace-Inhibitor/reduce BP/treat
CHF
Alcohol, salt substitutes,
other bp medications,
potassium supplements
Tramadol
Pain reliever
Alcohol, antidepressants
Clonidine
Reduce BP
alcohol
Tums
Phosphate binder, calcium
supplement, indigestion
n/a
Epogen
RBC production
n/a
Hectoral
Decrease PTH levels
Magnesium containing
antacids, digoxin
General Diet History
Good appetite
Lost 50 lbs in past year
Small portions
Tries to “eat healthy, but
depends on my daughter”
3 meals a day
1 snack
Says new renal diet is “tricky”
but she’s trying
24-hr Recall
Breakfast: 2 eggs over easy, 1 piece of white toast
& 1 tsp butter
Lunch: Pepper chicken with snap peas, red
peppers, and carrots, ½ cup white rice
Dinner: None (usually eats whatever daughter picks
up after work)
Snack: 1 Mexican Cookie and a half of an apple
Dialysis Prescription
Type: Hemodialysis
Days: M-W-F
Treatment Length: 2.5 hr
BFR: 350 mL/min
Dialysate Flow Rate: 800 mL/min
Access: CVC catheter – Jugular (Right)
Average Fluid Gain: 1.6 kg
EDW: 52 kg
Patient Estimated Needs
Kcal: 1550-1600
Protein: 60 g
Sodium: 2000 mg
Potassium: 2000 mg
Phosphorus: 800 mg
Fluid: 1000 mL
Diet Prescription
Renal Diet
Low
Potassium
Low Phosphorus
High Protein
Carbohydrate Controlled
Low Fluid
Monitoring & Evaluation
Start taking Tums as a phosphate binder
Start Hectoral to decrease PTH levels
Increase Epogen to increase hemoglobin
Get fistula as soon as possible
Patient eager to participate actively
Prognosis:
GOOD!
ESRD: What is it?
End Stage Renal Disease
Stage 5 kidney disease
Kidneys
stop
working i.e. kidney failure
<15% kidney function
PERMANENT
Need
a transplant or dialysis to live
No cure
Goal of treatment: Slow progression
ESRD: Etiology & Pathophysiology
Progression of CKD
Main causes:
Diabetes
Hypertension
Kidney Failure=DEADLY
GFR <15 mL/min
Dialysis or Transplant
required
ESRD: Diagnosis
GFR rate calculation
Urine Test
Blood Test
MRI
Biopsy
ESRD: Signs & Symptoms
General “ill” feeling
Itchy skin
Dry skin
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Edema
Muscle-twitching &
cramps
Headaches
Decreased urine output
Poor concentration
ESRD: Treatment
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Transplant
Not
a cure
Last about 5-10 years
Strict guidelines
Treatment: Hemodialyis
Hemodialysis
Filter
blood
Access Points
Clinic
Strict Diet
Treatment: Peritoneal Dialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Filter
through peritoneum
Home
Through abdomen
Less Strict Diet
ESRD: Common Medicines
Binders
Hectoral
Sensipar
Epogen
Iron
Calcitriol
Renal Diet
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis
30-35
30-35
Protein (g/kg SBW)
1.2
1.2 & higher
Phosphorus (mg/kg
SBW)
800-1000
800-1000
Potassium (mg/d)
2000-3000
3000-4000
Sodium (mg/d)
2000-3000
2000-3000
Fluid (mL/d)
750-1000
2000
Energy (kcal/kg
SBW)
Protein
Protein loss with dialysis
Affected by infection &
trauma
Essential for:
Growth
& development
Prevent infection
Healing
Tissue
Wound
HBV sources
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Protein Supplement
Potassium
Limit high potassium
foods
Low Potassium
Vomiting
Tomatoes
Diarrhea
Potatoes
Hypotension
Bananas
oranges
High Potassium
Muscle
weakness
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrest
Phosphorus
Poorly dialyzed
Phosphate binders
Avoid high phosphorus
foods
Renvela
Cheese
PhosLo
Dairy
Tums
Beans
High phosorus
Nuts
Calciphylaxis
Hardened
arteries
Weak bones
cola
Fluid
Fluid restriction
Approx 48 oz. per day
Based on:
Urine
output
Interdialytic weight gains
Excess fluid:
Rapid
weight gain
High blood pressure
Edema
Poor appetite
Physical Activity
Difficult for most
Benefits
Stimulate
appetite & circulation
Improve cardiovascular risk factors
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes
Obesity
Enhance
sense of well-being
PES Statement
Limited kidney function related to end stage renal
disease as evidenced by low serum calcium,
anemia, low serum protein, high serum phosphorus,
high PTH, and high serum creatinine levels.
Follow-up
Hemoglobin went up to 10.9, reduced Epogen dose
Fistula placed in left arm on March 14th
Understands disease & reason for treatment
Adjusting slowly but well
As of 3/15 moved out of daughters home
Patient says, “Will make it!”
Summary
ESRD is DEADLY if not treated properly.
Diet is the key component to keeping person in
optimal health
Prognosis:
Good
if sticks to plan
QUESTIONS?
References
McMann, L (ed): Pocket Guide to Nutrition Assessment of the Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease (3 rd ed).
New York, National Kidney Foundation, 2002.
"Kidney Dialysis Basics - DaVita." Kidney Dialysis Basics - DaVita. DaVita Inc., 2013.
<http://www.davita.com/kidney-disease/dialysis/the-basics>. 17 Mar. 2013.
Bynam-Gray, L and Weisen, K (eds). A Clinical Guide to Nutrition Care in Kidney Disease. American
Dietetic Association and National Kidney Foundation, 2004.
Drug Information Online: Drugs.com. 2013-2014. < http://www.drugs.com>. 19 March 2013
K/DOQI: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure. Am J Kidney Dis 35(6), Suppl 2,
2000.
Kopple JD, Massry SG (eds): Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins,
1997.
National Renal Diet, 2nd Ed. American Dietetic Association, 2002.
Pritchett, E. Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) for Chronic Kidney Disease. Real Nutrition Forum, the
American Dietetic ASSN, Vol 22, No 1, Winter 2003.
Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Definition." Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 11 Dec.
2010. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hemodialysis/MY00281>. 18 Mar. 2013.
Stover, J (ed). A Clinical Guide to Nutrition Care in End-Stage Renal Disease. American Dietetic
Association, 1994.
Wiggins, K. Nutrition Care of Renal Patients, 3rd Ed. The American Dietetic Association, 2001.
Zieve, David, MD, and Herbert Lin, MD. "End-stage Kidney Disease." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S.
National Library of Medicine, 21 Sept. 2011.
<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000500.htm>. 16 Mar. 2013.