Transcript BS 1 nursing

 Do
you know that coughing sneezing and myalgia are
some sign and symptoms for corona virus?
 Do
you know that the corona virus was called so due
to its for the crown-like spikes on their surface?
 Do
you know that transmission of virus occurs through
direct contact with the an infected person?
 Join us as we reveal the facts about such an important
spread of an obscure opponent “ CORONA VIRUS”!
BS 1 NURSING

A virus is a small infectious agent that
can replicate only inside the
living cells of an organism.
Viruses can infect all types of organisms,
from animals and plants to bacteria.
 Viruses vary in size & shape
Bacteria
Virus
Living attributes:
Living organism
Opinions differ on whether
viruses are a form of life, or
organic structures that
interact with living organisms.
Number of cells:
Unicellular; one cell
No cells; not living
Structures:
DNA and RNA floating freely
in cytoplasm. Cell wall and
cellmembrane
DNA or RNA enclosed inside
a coat of protein
Ribosomes:
Present
Absent
Enzymes:
Yes
Yes, in some
Nucleus:
No
No
Can cause disease?:
Yes
Yes
Infection:
Localized
Systemic
How is it treated?:
Anibiotics
Vaccines prevent the
spread and antiviral
medications help to slow
reproduction but can not stop
it completely.
Beneficial?:
Some beneficial bacteria (e.g.
certain bacteria required in the
gut)
Viruses are not beneficial.
However, a particular virus
may be able to destroy brain
tumors (see references).
Viruses can be useful in
genetic engineering.
Reproduction:
Fission- a form of asexual
reproduction
Invades a host cell and takes
over the cell causing it to
make copies of the viral
DNA/RNA. Destroys the host
cell releasing new viruses.
Size:
Larger (1000nm)
Smaller (20 - 400nm)
Presence of
living host
Doesn’t need host,
can grow on non
living surfaces
Needs host
Intercellular
organism
Intracellular
organism
Respiratory system :The respiratory
system (or ventilatory system) is the biological
system that introduces respiratory gases to the
interior and performs gas exchange. In humans
and other mammals, the anatomical features of
the respiratory system include airways, lungs,
and the respiratory muscles.
 The respiratory system includes:
1. Nose and nasal cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4.
trachea
5. bronchi and their smaller branches
6. Lungs that contain the terminal air sacs or
alveoli
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND NEW CORONA
VIRUS!
The new coronavirus can easily infect the cells of
the airways of the human lung and in fact is as
adept at doing so as a common cold virus.
 the new virus multiplied at a faster rate than the
SARS virus did in the human cells.
 It does not need a phase of adaptation.
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CHEST RADIOGRAPHS OF INDEX PATIENT WITH
SARS WHICH IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF PATIENT
WITH COV SARS VIRUS.
day 5
day 13
day 10
day 15.
CORONA VIRUSES
WHAT ARE CORONAVIRUSES?
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they are common viruses, first identified in the
mid 1960s;that infect not only animals but
humans as well.
This particular strain of coronavirus is distinct
from other known coronaviruses and SARS.
named for the crown-like spikes on their
surface.
usually causes mild to moderate upperrespiratory tract illnesses & even acute
respiratory infection presenting as pneumonia.
CORONA VIRUSES ARE CURRENTLY DIVIDED
INTO 4 ANTIGENIC GROUPS:
(NOTE: RECENTLY OTHER GROUPINGS HAVE
BEEN PROPOSED)
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Group I coronaviruses
TGEV, FIPV, CCV, PRCV, HCoV-229E, RbCoV, FECoV
Spike not cleaved
M is N-glycosylated
No HE protein
No ORF 2
Group II coronaviruses
MHV, BCV, HCoV-OC43, HEV, SDAV, SARS-CoV
Cleaved spike
M is O-glycosylated
HE protein
ORF 2 present
Group III coronaviruses (Avian group)
IBV, TCoV
Cleaved Spike
M is N-glycosylated
No HE protein
No ORF 2
 Group IV coronaviruses (similar to Group II)
SARS-CoV
 -In group III coronaviruses spike forms the
basis for different serotypes
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What are the diseases that
coronaviruses cause in humans?
• HCoV-229E
• HCoV-OC43
• NL63/NL(New Haven coronavirus)
• HKU1-CoV
• HCoV-EMC previously known as
Novel coronavirus 2012.
• But the most common disease is the
SARS-COV& the most recent
disease namely MERS-CoV.
Since All cases have had some link to
the Middle East
IS MERS-COV THE SAME AS THE SARS
VIRUS?
No. MERS-CoV is not the same virus that caused
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in
2003
SARS VS CORONA VIRUS
the SARS virus, MERS-CoV is
most similar to coronaviruses
found in bats
different genetically from SARS,
The presence of a new virus is
mostly probable to mutation.
it does not transmit as easily as
SARS did
we have seen for instance for SARS,
there was a phase of adaptation to
the human cells, to the receptor.
And obviously that is not needed for
this new coronavirus."
As previously said that its rate of
multiplication is faster than SARS.
What is MERS?
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a
viral respiratory illness. MERS is caused by a
coronavirus called “Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus” (MERS-CoV).
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What is MERS-CoV?
MERS-CoV is a beta coronavirus. It was first
reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV
used to be called “novel coronavirus,” or “nCoV”.
It is different from other coronaviruses that have
been found in people before.
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Source of MERS-CoV
• Most
probably
originated
from bats
.
• Intermediate animal
host
.
• humans1st
.
patient ,who has
died; was
confirmed in Saudi
Arabia on
September 2012.
Since then
sporadic cases
have appeared
world wide.
RISK FACTORS
The greater the population
the greater risk in public
places occurs.
Low immunity due to any kind
of disease, infection …
majority of
infections occurred
in hospitals
people were there
for a reason
underlying disease
may be required
to make people
more vulnerable
to infection with
MERS-CoV
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Incubation
Scientists don't know how
long the virus sticks around in
the body before showing
symptoms. the first symptoms
of infection showed up within
10 days.
THERE IS VERY LIMITED INFORMATION ON ITS IMPACT,
TRANSMISSION AND SEVERITY AT THIS STAGE.
First symptoms appear
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The first symptoms of the virus include fever and
upper respiratory tract infection, and a cough —
similar to a flu or cold. Shortness of breath - in the
later stage
Sore throat
Extreme
fatigue
Diarrhea
Headaches
Fever
Lethargy
loss of appetite
Myalgia - pain in the muscles
Chills
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Multiple organ dysfunction
About seven days after getting to the hospital,
your liver enzymes — an indication of the organ's
health — will start to rise. Multiple patients
suffered kidney failure along with their
respiratory symptoms.
Death
Eventually your body gives in and you die. The
first patient died 11 days after being admitted
to the hospital. His death was deemed to be
from "progressive respiratory and renal failure."
MERS CASES AND DEATHS, APRIL 2012 - MAY
2013
Cases (Deaths)
Countries
France
2 (1)
Jordan
2 (2)
Qatar
2 (0)
Saudi Arabia
38 (21)
Tunisia
2 (0)
United Kingdom (UK)
3 (2)
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
1 (1)
total
50(27)
-history
If residence in or
of travel to the
Arabian Peninsula or
neighboring countries
within 10 days before
onset of illness
a person with an
acute respiratory
infection (e.g.
pneumonia or Acute
Respiratory Distress
Syndrome)
If close contact with a
probable or confirmed
cases within 10 days
before onset of illness
-
-A person with
laboratory
confirmation of
infection with
MERS-CoV.
SuspectCase
-
Probable
Case
Who can get
infected?
Confirmed
Case
Routine tests for acute
pneumonia(bacterial
culture, serology, urinary
antigen testing and tests
for influenza viruses.)
Respiratory samples:
Lower resp specimens:
sputum, endotracheal
aspirate, bronchoalveolar
lavage. nasopharyngeal
swabs if available
standard infection control
precautions must be used
when taking specimens
(_ve p air-handling, gloves,
gowns, eye protection and
hand hygiene.)
Is there a lab test?
Lab tests (polymerase chain reaction or PCR) for MERSCoV are available at CDC and other international labs.
Otherwise, these tests are not routinely available.
Transmission
appears to be
"very limited
Not very
contagious
however
Fragile: surviving
outside body
only~24 hrs
.easily destroyed
by detergents and
cleaning agents
A possible case or a case with a positive laboratory result
(preliminary or confirmed) for MERS-CoV :
Standard, droplet and contact precautions with
additional precautions for
aerosol generating procedures
Standard, airborne and contact precautions for patients
who are in an
intensive care unit or require aerosol generating
procedures on an
ongoing basis
Note: If a contact of a case with a positive laboratory
result (preliminary
or confirmed) develops a respiratory tract infection; the
above
precautions should be applied.
ARE
THERE TREATMENTS?
Scientists studying the Human CoronavirusErasmus Medical Center, which first appeared
April 2012 in the Middle East, have discovered
helpful details about its stronghold tactics.
 Their findings predict that certain currently
available compounds might treat the infection.
These could act, not by killing the virus directly,
but by keeping lung cells from being forced to
create a hospitable environment for the virus to
reproduce.
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The new virus appears to specifically hamper the
work of several genes that enable the body to
sense the presence of viruses. The scientists
believe such gene re-tuning by the virus could
significantly lower the ability of lung cells to
mount an appropriate antiviral reaction.
At present no proven treatment exists for human
coronavirus EMC. Because the virus succeeds in
multiplying by hijacking cellular processes
initiated in response to infection, the scientists
searched for drugs that might target these
cellular responses, and in so doing stop the virus
from reproducing.
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There are currently no
vaccines available to
protect you against
human coronavirus
infection. You may be
able to reduce your
risk of infection by—
washing your hands
often with soap and
water, not touching
your eyes, nose, or
mouth.
AVOIDING CLOSE CONTACT WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE
SICK.
People coming in close contact with infected
individuals should use a mask and eyewear to
cover their nose, eyes, and mouth to prevent
transmission from sneezing or coughing.
What should I do if I get
sick?
If you have an illness caused by
human coronaviruses, you can help
protect others by—staying home while
you are sick, avoiding close contact
with others, covering your mouth and
nose when you cough or sneeze, and
keeping objects and surfaces clean and
disinfected.
Most people with coronavirus illness will recover on their own.
However, some things can be done to relieve your symptoms, such
as:
otaking pain and fever medications (Caution: Aspirin should not be
given to children)
ousing a room humidifier or taking a hot shower to help ease a
sore throat and cough.
If you are sick, you should —drink plenty of liquids, and
stay home and rest.
.
IF YOU ARE CONCERNED ABOUT YOUR
SYMPTOMS, YOU SHOULD SEE YOU HEALTHCARE
PROVIDER
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Done by :
Farah
jabak
Alyson
haidar
BS 1 nursing
Hannan
haidar
Hassan
al
ghadban
Kassem al
zien
Souleiman
mohammad
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Directed by :
DR .Mohamad Fakih
Lina –Haj –Hussein (Head of Nursing Department|)